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[营销知识大百科]营销学名词解释大全

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发表于 2006-7-8 09:44:32 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">第一章</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">需要</span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">need</font></span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是指没有得到某些基本满足的感受状态,它们存在于人们自身的生理和心理结构之中,是人类自身本能的基本组成部分,不是社会或营销者所能创造的。如人们对食物、衣服、房屋等的物质需要,对安全感、亲密、忠诚、友爱、仁义等的社会需要,以及对知识、自我完善等的个人需要。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">欲望</span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">want</font></span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                        </font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是指想得到能满足某些基本需要的具体物的愿望。如饥饿的人可能需要的是面包、大米、蔬菜瓜果等,而求知的人需要的学校、书籍等。相对于人类不多的需要,欲望却是很多的。如广告就能创造出人们购买某物的欲望,营销者的作用对象应是人们的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">欲望</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">,而非人们的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">需要</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">需求</span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">demand</font></span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 对具有支付能力购买并且愿意购买的某个具体产品的欲望。如很多人对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">奔驰</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">楼中楼</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">、手提电脑、接受高等教育、外出旅游等有欲望(想要它),但并不是每个人都能构成对此类产品或服务的需求的(他们不具备足够的支付能力,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">They can not afford it</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">交换</span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">exchange</font></span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是指通过提供某种东西作为回报,从别人那里取得所需物的行为。如自给自足经济中乡村集市上的以物易物,货币经济中为了获得某物而付出的货币,为获得货币而付出的劳动(工资收入)、资本(利息收入)等就是几种交换例子。交换的发生必须具备五个条件:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">至少要有两方。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">  每一方都有被对方认为有价值的东西。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">  每一方都能沟通信息和传送货物。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">  每一方都可以自由接受或拒绝对方的产品。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">  每一方都认为与另一方进行交易是适当的或称心如意的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">  交换能否真正产生,取决于买卖双方能否找到交换的条件,即交换以后双方都比交换以前好。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">交易</span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">transaction</font></span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">它是由双方之间的价值交换所组成的,是交换活动的基本单元。如甲给乙</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1000</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">元买得电视一台,我们就说甲乙双方之间达成一项交易。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">产品</span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">product</font></span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是指任何提供给市场并能满足人们某种需要和欲望的东西。产品概念包括核心产品、有形产品和附加产品三个层次的内容。核心产品提供满足顾客所需的某种效用或利益,有形产品是提供给顾客的产品的存在形式,附加产品是顾客购买有形产品获得的全部附加服务和利益。如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"××</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">牌</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">热水器作为一种产品,其核心产品是满足人们洗热水澡的需要,其有形产品表现为一台可以把水加热的机器,其附加产品有可能表现为品牌、上门安装、免费维修等,三者合总就构成该产品的整体。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">市场</span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">market</font></span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">市场是指对某种产品或服务具有特定的需求或欲望,并且能通过交换来满足这种需求和欲望的购买者或购买者集团。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">市场营销</span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">marketing<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">市场营销是企业通过市场交换,以刺激、诱发和满足消费者需求,促进企业的生存与发展的一系列活动的总称。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">需求管理</span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">demand management</font></span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是指面对市场上不同的需求状态,采取不同的营销方式来适应市场需求的变化,是营销管理的任务和实质。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">市场营销管理</span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">marketing management</font></span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">市场营销管理简单说就是对市场营销活动过程的管理。按照美国市场营销协会</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1985</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">年认可的定义:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">市场营销管理是计划和执行关于商品、服务和理念的设计、定价、促销和分销,为满足顾客需要和组织目标而创造交换机会的过程。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">市场营销组合</span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">marketing mixed</font></span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">企业用于追求目标市场预期销售量水平的可控营销变量组合,一般简称</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4Ps</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">,即产品(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">product</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">),价格(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">price</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">),分销(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">place</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">),促销(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">promotion</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)。产品:包括产品的外观、式样、规格、体积、花色、品牌、质量、包装、商标、服务、保证等产品组合要素;价格:包括基本价格、折扣、津贴、付款时间、信贷条件等价格组合要素;分销:包括销售渠道、储存设施、运输、存货控制等分销组合要素;促销:包括人员推销、公共关系、营业推广、售后服务等促销组合要素。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">市场营销观念</span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">marketing concept</font></span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">用来指导营销管理者处理企业、顾客和社会三者之间的利益关系,指导企业开展市场营销管理活动的基本指导思想。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">顾客让渡价值</span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">customers delivered value</font></span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">顾客让渡价值是指顾客必须让渡的利益与所获得的利益的比率。即指总顾客价值与总顾客成本之差。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">顾客满意</span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">customers satisfaction</font></span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">顾客满意是顾客对企业所提供的产品或服务超过其期望值的感觉。它包括两个方面:一是顾客对企业所提供商品或服务的期望值。二是企业所提供商品或服务的实际效果。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">关系营销</span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">relationship marketing</font></span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">关系营销是着眼于与企业的顾客及其它利益相关者建立长期的、信任的和互利的伙伴关系。在这种关系营销中,企业从回头顾客和顾客推荐中获得了好处,它使企业的产品销售额和利润增加,又由于为老顾客服务比吸引新顾客的费用低,所以又降低了成本。而顾客也从与供应商的稳定关系中受益。关系营销使得交易从每一次都要进行协商变为惯例化。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p></p>

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 楼主| 发表于 2006-7-8 09:46:20 | 显示全部楼层
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">第二章</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">企业战略计划(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Strategic plan</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">企业对未来发展的目标和如何实现目标的方案的总的计划。它描述企业在一个选定的环境中所追求的总体方向,是企业进行资源和力量分配的指南。它根据企业所拥有的资源和企业所处的外部环境条件,制定企业长期的发展目标,通过确定和选择合适的战略类型,对企业产品和业务的发展方向和发展方式作出原则性的规定和规划,使企业与外部环境之间能保持一种可调适的动态适应过程。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">战略业务单位(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Strategic business unit</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,缩写为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">SBU</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">企业按市场划分的业务范围类型。战略业务单位的建立使企业可以识别盈利潜力最大的业务单位,并给它们配备成长所必须的资源。每个战略业务单位具有以下属性:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)特定的目标市场;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)有自己明确的竞争对手;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)独特的差异化优势;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)有自己专责的经理及主要的业务职能部门,负责战略计划及相应的职能活动;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)它是一项独立业务或相关业务的集合体,有自己独特的目标,在计划工作上可以与其它业务分开而单独作业。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">密集型成长战略(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Concentration strategies</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是一种在原有业务领域中寻求未来发展机会的战略。所以这种战略又称为加强型发展战略。市场渗透战略、产品开发战略和市场开发战略都是在原有业务领域中求得未来发展机会的成长战略,都属密集型发展战略或加强型发展战略。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">水平一体化成长战略(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Horizontal integration strategies</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">企业可以通过收购或兼并一个或几个竞争者来扩大企业的生产规模,这种成长战略称为水平一体化成长战略。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">后向一体化成长战略</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(Backward integration strategies)<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">企业可能通过收购或兼并一个或几个供应商来扩大企业生产的生产边界,即自己生产自己所需的原材料或零部件,这种成长战略称为后向一体化成长战略。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">前向一体化成长战略</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(Forward integration strategies)<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 企业可以考虑收购或兼并一个或几个批发商或零售商来扩大企业的生产边界,即自己建立产品的销售渠道,这种成长战略称为前向一体化成长战略。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">企业任务陈述(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Mission statement</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">又称为企业宗旨的陈述,它揭示了企业要想成为什么样的组织和要服务于哪些顾客这样的远景内容。任务陈述是企业制定战略计划和分配企业资源的起点和基础。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">EFE</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">矩阵(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">External factor evaluation matrix</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">外部因素评价矩阵,是一种对外部环境进行分析的工具,其做法是从机会和威胁两个方面找出影响企业未来发展的关键因素,根据各个因素影响程度的大小确定权数,再按企业对各关键因素的有效反应程度对各关键因素进行评分,最后算出企业的总加权分数。通过</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">EFE</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">,企业就可以把自己所面临的机会与威胁汇总,来刻划出企业的全部吸引力。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">市场营销战略计划(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Marketing strategy planning</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是企业实现战略计划的一项职能活动。它根据企业战略计划的要求,确定企业市场营销活动的战略目标及战略选择,并通过市场营销计划的制定来保证营销战略目标的实现。市场营销战略计划包括两个层次的计划,战略营销计划和战术营销计划。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">战略营销计划(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Strategic marketing planning</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是对企业战略计划所确定的战略业务单位进行内外环境分析,即进行市场机会分析,以选择企业的目标市场和进行产品定位。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">战术营销计划(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Tactical marketing planning</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是根据战略营销计划的要求,制定企业在某个特定时期的市场营销组合策略,以保证营销战略计划目标的实现。具体说就是根据战略营销计划所选择的目标市场和市场定位要求,通过对各种战术性的市场营销可控因素的运用,形成最佳的市场营销组合策略方式,使企业(产品)能进入和占领目标市场,实现企业的营销目标。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">BCG</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">矩阵(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Boston Consulting Group matrix</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">波士顿咨询集团矩阵,是专门为企业的各分部在不同的产业进行竞争时,为各分部单独制定发展战略的分析方法。在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">BCG</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">矩阵中,纵坐标是产业销售增长率,反映该项业务所处行业的发展前景,横坐标是在产业中的相对市场占有率,反映企业的该项业务在行业各企业中的市场竞争能力。横纵坐标的高低就形成了公司的四种类型产品,公司据此采取不同的战略。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">疑问产品(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Question-mark product</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 该项业务处在高速增长的产业中,但企业的市场占有率较低,这类产品称之疑问产品。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">明星产品(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Star product</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">这类产品处在高速增长的行业,企业又是市场的领导者。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">现金牛产品(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Cash-cow product</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 这是处在产品寿命周期成熟期的产品。企业在行业中有较大的市场占有率,是市场的领导者。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">瘦狗产品(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Dog product</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">这是处在市场成长缓慢,企业在该行业中又没有竞争优势的产品。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">IE</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">矩阵(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Internal-external matrix</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是用矩阵来标识企业各项业务地位的一种工具。在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">IE</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">矩阵中,纵坐标是对企业外部环境评价加权值(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">EFE</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">EFE</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">加权分为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1.0</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">~</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1.99</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">代表企业面临着较严重的外部威胁,而</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2.0</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">~</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2.99</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">代表企业面临中等的外部威胁,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3.0</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">~</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3.99</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">代表企业能较好地把外部威胁的不利影响减少到最小程度。横坐标是对企业内部条件评价加权值(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">IFE</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">IFE</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">加权评分数为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1.0</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">~</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1.99</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">代表企业内部的劣势地位,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2.0</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">~</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2.99</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">代表企业内部的中等地位,而</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3.0</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">~</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4.0</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">代表企业内部的优势地位。由此形成三类九种产品,企业可以根据不同类型采取不同战略。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">SWOT</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">矩阵(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">SWOT Matrix</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 优势</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">-</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">劣势</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">-</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">机会</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">-</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">威胁矩阵(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Strengths-weaknesses -opportunities-threats matrix</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">),是一种用来分析企业自身所具有的优势与劣势以及外部环境对企业发展的机会与威胁,据此对企业的未来发展战略做出规划的方法。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">企业战略(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Enterprise strategy</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是企业对未来发展的一种总的谋划。它指明了企业发展的方向,描述了企业发展的基本思路,也决定了企业对资源的使用和分配。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">加强型战略(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Reinforcement strategies</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">就是在原来的业务领域里,加强对原有的产品与市场的开发与渗透来寻求企业未来发展机会的一种发展战略。这种战略的重点是加强对原有市场的开发或对原有产品的开发。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">进攻型战略(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Aggression strategies</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 是企业采取主动出击的方式,增加新的与原来的业务不相关的产品或服务的发展战略。这种发展战略的应用要求企业要有比较充足的资源,要对企业的外部环境有比较深入的认识和了解。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">防御型战略(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Defense strategies</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 是企业对未来的发展采取守势的方式,一般适用于企业的某些特殊的时期。防御型战略有三种基本类型:收缩战略、剥离战略、结业清算战略。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">收缩战略(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Retrenchment strategies</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 指企业通过减少资产而重组企业,以扭转销售和盈利下降的一种发展战略。这种战略有时也称转向战略或重组战略。收缩战略应用的目的是加强企业所具有的基本的和独特的竞争能力。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">剥离战略(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Divestiture strategies</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">即通过拆离或削减那些不营利,或需要资金太多,或与公司的其他活动不相适宜的业务,使企业能致力于集中加强自己核心竞争优势的一种发展战略。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">清算战略(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Liquidation strategies</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 指为实现企业有形资产而将公司全部资产分块售出的一种战略。清算等于承认企业经营的失败,但可能是比继续经营而大量亏损是更为有利的选择。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">市场渗透战略</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(Market penetration strategies)<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">即企业设法在原来的市场中提高原来产品的市场占有率的发展战略。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">市场开发战略(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Market development strategies</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">即用原来的产品满足新市场的消费者需要的发展战略。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">产品开展战略(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">roduct development strategies</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">即为原来市场的消费者开发新产品的发展战略</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">多元化发展战略(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Diversification strategies</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">即在企业原来业务领域里寻找新的发展机会的一种发展战略。多元化发展战略有四种基本类型:同心多元化发展战略、横向多元化发展战略、纵向多元化发展战略和混合型多元化发展战略。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">同心多元化发展战略(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Concentric diversification strategies</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">即企业开发和增加新的,但又与原有产品线的技术或营销有关的产品与服务,以吸引新的顾客的一种发展战略。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">横向多元化发展战略(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Horizontal diversification strategies</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">即向现有用户提供新的,与原有产品同处在一个产品领域的不同产品的发展战略。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">纵向多元化战略(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Vertical diversification strategies</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY

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 楼主| 发表于 2006-7-8 09:47:19 | 显示全部楼层
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">第三章</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">市场营销环境(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">marketing environment</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 包括企业内部环境中由企业最高层管理者所调控的环境因素和由企业各职能部门所调控的环境因素以及企业不可控的外部环境因素。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">不可控因素(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">uncontrollable factors</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是指那些影响组织的绩效,但又不完全为组织及其市场人员操纵的外部因素。它通常指的是企业的外部环境,包括宏观环境和微观环境。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">可控因素(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">controllable factors</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 是指那些能够由组织及其营销人员进行内部指挥的因素,包括由最高管理层控制、由市场营销部门控制和由其它职能部门控制的因素。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">宏观环境(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">macro</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">environment</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是指能影响整个微观环境的广泛的社会性因素,包括人口、经济、自然环境、技术、政治和文化因素等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">微观环境(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">micro</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">environment</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是指那些与公司关系密切,能够影响公司服务顾客的能力的各种势力,包括公司自身、供应商、销售渠道、顾客、竞争对手和公众等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">市场营销中介(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">marketing intermediaries</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">帮助企业将其产品促销、销售、分销给最终购买者的各种公司,包括经销商、货物储运商、营销服务机构和金融中介。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">公众(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">public</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是指对一个组织实现其目标的能力有真实或潜在兴趣或影响的任何团体。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">经济环境(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">economic environment</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是指那些能影响顾客的购买力和消费方式的因素。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">自然环境(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">natural environment</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是指为营销人员所需,用作生产投入或受营销活动影响的自然资源。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">技术环境(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">technological environment</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">能够开发新技术,开发新产品并创造新的市场机遇的各种因素。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">政治环境(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">political environment</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">在特定的社会中影响和限制各类组织和个人的法律、政府机构和压力集团。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">文化环境(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">cultural environment</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是指影响一个社会的基本价值观、观念、偏好和行为的风俗习惯及其他因素。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">企业与营销环境的关系法(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">environmental management perspective</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">公司不再单纯地先观察环境变化再对之做出反应,而是采取积极步骤去影响营销环境中的公众和其他各种因素的一种管理方法。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">市场机会(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">marketing opportunities</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">即公司营销机会,是指对公司营销行为富有吸引力的领域,在这一领域里,该公司将拥有竞争优势。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">市场威胁(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">marketing threat</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是指环境中一种不利的发展趋势所形成的挑战,如果不采取果断的营销行动,这种不利趋势将导致公司市场地位被侵蚀。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p>

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 楼主| 发表于 2006-7-8 09:48:18 | 显示全部楼层
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第四章</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">消费品市场(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">consumer market</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">又称最终消费品市场、消费者市场或生活资料市场,是指所有为个人消费而购买或取得商品和服务的个人和家庭。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">消费者(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">consumer</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">狭义的消费者,是指购买、使用各种消费品或服务的个人与住户。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">购买后行为(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">post-purchase behavior</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是消费者决策过程的一个阶段。在该阶段,消费者根据他们是否满意在购买产品之后采取进一步的行动。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">购买决策(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">purchase decision</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是消费者决策过程的一个阶段。在该阶段,消费者购买产品。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">知觉(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">perception</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是指人们为了解世界而收集、整理和解释信息的过程。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">学习(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">learning</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">指由于经验而引起的个人行为的变化。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">个性(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">personality</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">  是指能导致一个人对自身环境产生相对一致和持久反应的独特心理特征。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">动机(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">motive / drive</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是指足以迫使人们去寻求满足的需要。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">需求认知(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">need recognition</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 是指购买过程的第一个阶段,即购买者认识到一个问题或需要。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">信息寻找(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">information search</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 是消费者决策过程的一个阶段。在该阶段,消费者被激发去寻找更多的信息,消费者可能仅仅是提高对信息的注意力或者进行积极的信息寻找。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">选择评价(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">alternative evaluation</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是消费者决策过程的一个阶段。在该阶段,消费者利用信息来评价可供选择的品牌从而作出抉择。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">文化(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">culture</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">社会成员从家庭和其他重要组织中学到的一套基本的价值观、对事物的理解、愿望和行为。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">亚文化(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">subculture</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">一个具有共同的生活经历和环境而具有共同价值观念的人群。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">生活方式(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">lifestyle</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 通过其活动、兴趣和观念表示出来的一个人生活的形式。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">社会阶层(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">social classes</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是指一个社会的相对稳定和有序的分类,每类成员都有相类似的价值观、兴趣及行为。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">消费者购买行为(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">consumer buying behavior</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是指最终消费者(为个人消费而购买商品和服务的个人与家庭)的购买行为。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">消费心态(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">psychographics</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是指用来区分不同的生活方式,总结生活方式的分类的技术。它包括衡量消费者的主要</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">AIO</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">项目(活动</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">activities</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">,兴趣</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">interests</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">和观念</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">opinions</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">参照群体(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">reference group</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 是当个人形成对某一特殊问题的看法时,他会参照的人构成的群体。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">态度(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">attitude</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 是指一个人对某个客观事物或想法的较为稳定的赞同或不赞同的评价、感觉和倾向。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p>

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 楼主| 发表于 2006-7-8 09:49:28 | 显示全部楼层
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第五章</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">工业品市场(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">business market</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 又称组织市场、商业市场,是指由购买商品或服务是为了进一步再生产、再销售给他人、或再向他人提供服务的购买者所形成的市场。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">组织间营销(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">business to business marketing</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 是面向以工商企业、政府、机构为代表的组织类顾客的营销。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">组织购买过程(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">business buying process</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是指商业采购人确定需要购买的产品和服务,并在可供选择的供应商及品牌中辨别、评估和选择所需产品和服务的决策过程。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">组织购买品(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">organizational goods</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 是指由工商企业、政府、机构等组织为用于生产、再销售、资本设备的维修、研究与发展及为公共提供服务等目的而购买的产品和服务。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">组织购买者(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">organizational buyer</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 又称组织类顾客或组织类客户,是指组织市场中的组织。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">新购置(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">new</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">task purchase</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是指购买者第一次购买某产品或服务的商业购买情形。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 130%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; LINE-HEIGHT: 130%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">有变动的重复购置(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; LINE-HEIGHT: 130%; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">modified rebuy</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; LINE-HEIGHT: 130%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; LINE-HEIGHT: 130%; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 购买者希望调整产品的规格、价格、条件或供应商的商业购买情形。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">单纯性的重复购置(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">straight rebuy</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 购买者不加任何变动进行重复订购的商业购买情形。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">组织购买(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">organizational buying</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是指各类正规组织为了确定购买产品和劳务的需要,在可供选择的品牌与供应者之间进行识别、评价和挑选的决策过程。一般由一个跨部门的非正式组织采购中心来完成,是一项复杂的决策过程。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p>

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 楼主| 发表于 2006-7-8 09:50:05 | 显示全部楼层
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第六章</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">竞争三角形</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(competition triangle)<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">企业营销活动的最终结果主要取决于三项因素企业(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Company</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)、顾客(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Customer</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)与竞争者(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Competitor</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">),这三者之间的关系被日本学者大前研一归纳为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">竞争三角形</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">,也有人称之为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"3C</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">关系</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">产品导向</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(product orientation)<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">企业既不重视顾客也不重视竞争,只重视自己的生产的营销观念,称为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">产品导向</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">顾客导向</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(customer orientation)<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">企业在制订营销策略时把如何满足顾客的需求摆在第一位,认为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">哪里有顾客的需要,哪里就有市场</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">,企业应该</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">按需生产</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">,这种营销观念称为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">顾客导向</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">竞争者导向</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(competitor orientation)<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 企业主要根据竞争者的行动和反应来进行营销活动的营销观念称为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">竞争者导向</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">市场导向</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(market orientation)<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">企业既重视顾客的需求,也重视竞争者,力求在顾客需求与竞争者之间求得一种平衡的营销观念,称为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">市场导向</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">进入障碍</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(entrance barrier)<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">新企业在进入某个行业的时候所遇到的各种不利因素都可以归纳为进入障碍。这些障碍既有经济性的,又有策略性的,在有些行业甚至还存在制度性障碍。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">退出障碍</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(withdraw barrier)<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 潜在进入者除了考虑进入的障碍以外,还需要考虑在竞争不利时,如何退出所在的行业。一般说来,由战略因素、资产专用性以及其它的各种转换成本的存在,使得企业退出现有行业不是十分顺利,这样又形成了一种障碍</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">--</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">退出障碍。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">替代品</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(substitute)<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">替代品是指在满足顾客的需要方面,能够与该行业产品提供具有同样价值的产品。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">欲望竞争</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(desire competition)<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 当企业与竞争对手是用不同的产品来满足相同顾客的不同的需要时,这种竞争就表现为欲望竞争。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">类别竞争</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(category competition)<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 当企业与竞争对手是用不同的产品来满足不同顾客的不同需求时,这种竞争就表现为类别竞争。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">形式竞争</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(mode competition)<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">当企业与竞争对手是以相同的产品来满足不同顾客的相同需求时,这种竞争就表现为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">产品</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">形式竞争。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">品牌竞争</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(brand competition)<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">当企业与竞争对手是用相同的产品满足相同顾客的相同需要时,这种竞争就表现为品牌竞争。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p>

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 楼主| 发表于 2006-7-8 09:50:53 | 显示全部楼层
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第七章</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">市场细分</span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">market segmentation</font></span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是企业根据消费者需求的不同,把整个市场划分成不同的消费者群的过程。其客观基础是消费者需求的异质性。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">消费者需求模式</span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">customers demand pattern</font></span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">分析消费者的需求模式是进行市场细分的前提</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">需求模式(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Demand pattern</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)表示了消费者对同一产品或服务需求上的同质性或差异性。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">同质需求</span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">homogeneous demand</font></span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 同质需求市场中的消费者表现出对某一产品或服务的基本相同的需求,不存在异常情况。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">聚类需求</span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">cluster demand</font></span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">在聚类偏好(需求)中,消费者对产品或服务的需要有一定的差异性,但这些不同的需求可以划分为两个或更多的可识别的聚类,不同聚类的消费者有着其独特的偏好,其购买标准也不同。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">分散需求</span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">diffused demand</font></span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">消费者的需求可能完全散布在市场空间的不同位置,也就是说,每个消费者对产品或服务的需求都是不同的,这就是分散需求。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">市场细分标准</span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">segment bases</font></span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">按照市场细分的定义,进行细分的唯一标准就是消费者需求的不同</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">但是消费者的需求是不可衡量的,所以,通常以影响消费者需求的各种因素为标准来进行市场细分。这些标准有的与消费者的消费特征有关,如消费者的性别、家庭寿命周期等;有的则与消费者的需要与欲望有关,如消费者的使用频率和对产品的忠诚度等。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">地理标准</span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">geographic demographics bases</font></span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 处于不同地理位置的消费者往往表现出不同的消费特征,故地理因素可以作为细分市场的常用标准。常用的地理细分因素有地区、城乡、气候、人口密度等。</span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                        </font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">人文标准</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(personal demographic bases)</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 是指对消费者个体或某一消费者群的特征的描述。常用于进行市场细分的人文因素有年龄、性别、婚姻状况、家庭人口结构、收入水平、职业、受教育程度、宗教信仰、种族、国籍等。</span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                        </font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">消费行为标准</span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">consumer behavioral bases</font></span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 消费者的消费行为反映了消费者的生活、打发时光及花钱的方式</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">利用消费者的行为可以把市场划分为多个具有明显差异的子市场。常用来进行市场细分的消费行为因素既包括社会阶层、家庭生命周期、消费者的个性等社会因素;也包括使用场合、使用者状况、使用率、忠诚程度、追求利益、对产品的态度、购买产品或使用产品时机等个人因素。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">市场潜力</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> (market potential)</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 指一个产品或服务市场的整体预期销售额,是对一定时期内某一市场能够消费一种产品的定量描述。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">目标市场</span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">target market</font></span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 就是企业选择为之服务的对象。它可以指某一地理区域,但是更确切地说,应该是某一范围内的购买者,这些购买者具有共同的需求特征。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">市场专业化</span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">market special</font></span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 根据某一细分市场的需要,企业生产该细分市场中消费者所需要的所有的产品。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">产品专业化</span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">product special</font></span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 企业针对顾客的不同需求,专门生产不同规格的某种产品的策略。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">选择性策略</span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">selected coverage</font></span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">企业可以选择几个较有吸引力的细分市场作为自己的目标市场,并生产能满足这些市场的顾客需求的产品。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">无差异性策略</span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">undifferentiated marketing</font></span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 针对购买集团中最大多数顾客的共同需要而采用单一的营销组合策略。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">集中性策略</span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">concentrated marketing</font></span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">与无差异性营销策略企图满足所有细分市场中所有消费者的需要不同,集中性营销策略主要将企业的力量、资源集中于一个小的、特定的子市场,并以自己特定的营销策略组合来满足该子市场的需要。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">差异性策略</span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">differentiated marketing</font></span><span style="COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 在差异性营销策略下,企业可以选择两个或更多个子市场,并针对不同的子市场的需求特点采取不同的营销策略组合。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p>

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 楼主| 发表于 2006-7-8 09:52:03 | 显示全部楼层
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第八章</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">市场定位</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(Market positioning)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">就是在信息传播过度的社会,企业市场营销人员通过强调自身产品的差异性,将自己与竞争对手区分开来,以在消费者心目中确立起不可替代的地位与印象,最终在竞争中获得优势。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">产品定位</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(Product positioning)</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 是将某个具体产品定位在消费者心中,让消费者一旦产生类似需求,就会联想到本企业所生产的某种商品的产品,它是企业市场定位的基础。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">初次定位</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(Initial positioning)</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是指新成立的企业准备进入市场,或者是企业的新产品投入市场时,为了使自己的产品符合目标市场的要求而对营销组合的运用。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">重新定位</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(Re-positioning) </font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是指为了改变目标顾客对产品的印象,企业对产品的特色及其运用的营销策略进行变动,让目标顾客对企业产品形象的有一个再认识的过程。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">垂直差异化</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> (Vertical differentiation) </font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">指产品在功能、品质上存在着的、确实的差异。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">水平差异化</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(Horizontal differentiation)</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">指实质上无差别的产品由于表现形式、销售时间、地点不同,或者是消费者的个人偏好不同而产生的差异。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">知觉性差异化</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> (Perceived differentiation)</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 指并不是由于产品实质上的差异,而是存在消费者的印象之中的,通常由广告及其品牌形象所造成的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">假性差异</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">利益定位</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(Functional positioning)</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">也称为功能定位,即根据产品具有的满足顾客某种需求的功能或所提供的利益来对产品进行定位。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">定位近视</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(Positioning myopia)</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是指企业并没有采用科学、合理、高效的传播手段将企业的定位信息导向消费者的心灵中,从而使消费者对企业的产品、品牌的印象疑惑或不觉得其有任何特殊之处。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">定位不足</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(Under-positioning) </font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">企业从自身角度出发,而不是从消费者的角度出发,沿用传统的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">产品观念</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">进行市场定位,这是对现代市场营销理论及市场定位基本原则</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">--</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">顾客导向、顾客满意原则的直接违背。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">定位过度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(Over-positioning) </font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是指企业在进行市场定位时,过分强调自己与对手的区别,认为自己的企业或产品有很多特色,最终失去了其主要特色,使本来适用范围较广的产品成为只能满足其中部分顾客需要的产品。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">定位混乱</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(Confused positioning)</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 如果企业过分频繁变换对其产品、品牌的定位,最终导致消费者产生混乱不清的印象,这是对市场定位动态调整原则的误用。</span></p>

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 楼主| 发表于 2006-7-8 09:52:57 | 显示全部楼层
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第九章</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">市场领导者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(Market leader)</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">这是市场领导者所能采取的最基本的防御策略。它是指为了维持现有阵地,在现有的市场周围建立牢固的防线。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>IMS</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">rofit impact on market share</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">美国战略计划研究所的研究表明,市场占有率与其利润率之间存在一种线性关系,随着市场占有率提高,利润率亦提高。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">阵地防御</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(position defense)</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">指一个产业中,拥有最大市场占有率的公司,它经常在价格变动、新产品的引进、销售的覆盖面及促销的费用上,领导其他厂商。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">侧翼防御</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(Flanking defense)</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 指通过建立起一些侧翼阵地以保护其防线不被突破的策略,这些侧翼阵地可以作为反击对手的前沿阵地</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">以攻为守的防御</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(Preemptive defense)</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 指在未受到敌人攻击之前,就采取攻击行动,先发制人。这种防御策略是建立在预防重于治疗的假设上。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">游击防御(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Mobile defense</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 采取这种策略的企业不仅限于积极防卫目前的市场地位,而且要伸展到可作为未来防卫及攻击基地的新市场。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">收缩防御</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(Contraction defense)</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">当领导者无法在所有的阵地上与挑战者进行对抗时,最好的办法就是有计划地收缩,即放弃部分较弱的领域,而将所有的资源重新分配于自己较强的领域,使企业在关键市场、主战场的实力得到巩固加强。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">市场挑战者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(Market challenger)</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 系指一个具有竞争性的厂商,为增加市场占有率,它奋战不停以争取更高的占有率。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span><p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">正面进攻</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(Frontal attack)</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">挑战者可以集中自己的力量,直接针对竞争对手的优势下手,而非打击其弱点,也有人称之为纯进攻。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">侧翼进攻</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(Indirect attack)</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 避开对方的强项,选择对手的弱点进攻。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">包围进攻(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Encirclement Attack</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 包围进攻是同时从几条战线上展开进攻,既攻击正面,也攻击侧翼、背面。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">迂回攻击(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Bypass Attack</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 这是最间接的攻击策略,尽量避免和竞争对手正面冲突。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">游击进攻</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(Guerrilla Attack)</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 游击战就是在竞争对手的各个细分市场制造小型、间歇性的攻击,其目的是以不断的攻击来困扰敌人,最终获得永久的据点。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">市场追随者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(Market follower)</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 产业中占第二位的竞争厂商,它希望能维持市场占有率免得破坏现状。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span><p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">紧随其后</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(Following Closely)<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">在各个细分市场和营销领域,尽量模仿市场领导者。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 130%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; LINE-HEIGHT: 130%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span><p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 130%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; LINE-HEIGHT: 130%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">有选择跟随</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; LINE-HEIGHT: 130%; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(Following Selectively)<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">这种追随者在某些方面紧随领导者,而在另一些方面又具有独创性。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">市场补缺者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(market niche)</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">其产品的目标市场是大厂商不注意或忽略的小市场。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">利基市场</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(Niche market)</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">某个市场中的一个细分市场</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">这里指被大企业忽视或有意放弃的小市场。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">市场占有率</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(Market share)</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">指在一定时期内某公司的某一特定产品在某一具体市场上的销售量或销售额与同期同类产品在同一市场上的总销售量或总销售额之比。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p>

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第十章</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 130%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; LINE-HEIGHT: 130%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">产品(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; LINE-HEIGHT: 130%; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">product</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; LINE-HEIGHT: 130%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; LINE-HEIGHT: 130%; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 是指任何能够提供给市场以引起人们注意、供人取得、使用或消费,并可能满足某种欲望或需要的东西。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span><p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">核心产品</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(generic product</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 又称实质产品,是指产品实体,即消费者在购买一样产品或一项服务时所寻找的能够解决问题的核心利益。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span><p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">形式产品(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">tangible product</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">它通常有五大特征:质量水平、特色、设计、品牌名称以及包装。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">附加产品(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">augmented product</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是指产品设计者围绕核心和形式产品,建立起来的附加的消费者服务和利益。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">新产品开发(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">new</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">product development</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是新产品开发的阶段之一,在该阶段产品和营销方案被放入更加逼真的市场环境中去。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">市场试销(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">test marketing</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是指通过企业自身研发部门的努力,开发原创产品,改进产品的性能,调整产品的形态和开发新品牌。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">产品寿命周期(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">product life-cycle</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">LC</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 是指产品的销售和利润在整个产品寿命周期的变化过程。它包括五个阶段,分别为产品开发期、导入期、增长期、成熟期和衰退期。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">产品系列(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">product line</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是指特定的销售商售给消费者的全部产品线和产品项目。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">产品组合(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">product mix</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">/</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">product assortment</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #353f55; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: #495778; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> 又称产品线,是指密切相关的一组产品,它们功用相似,售给同类顾客群,通过同类销售渠道销售,或者处于特定价格幅度内。</span></p>

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发表于 2006-7-23 23:43:52 | 显示全部楼层
<p>营销学名词解释很好! </p><p>掌握以上概念将更全面学习 市场营销学.</p><p>C班,石磊.</p>

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发表于 2011-10-12 15:36:01 | 显示全部楼层
谢谢
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