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中国经济管理大学《市场营销综合案例分析》

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发表于 2010-6-17 02:39:47 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
市场营销综合案例分析
教学目标:通过本章的学习,缩短教学与实际生活的差距,加深对前几章所学知识的理解和运用,激发创造性思维,增加分析能力,同时提高独立思考的能力。
教学要求:能综合运用市场营销的知识,针对不同的案例进行系统的分析,特别是对一些细节和关键问题的分析理解。
【导入案例】
一瓶茅台酒,从投料生产到包装上市,至少要5年时间,这样的产品,如何营销?在白酒市场整体供大于求的宏观环境下,茅台能一枝独秀且仍然处于供不应求状态,难免令人喜出望外。也许正是这样才使得茅台人回避或疏忽了一些根本性的问题——从横向来看,五粮液已稳居白酒老大的位置,年均销售收入达到40亿元。
作为全国白酒行业中唯一一家特大型国有企业,茅台已显得有些落伍——茅台的业绩也许并不值得骄傲。因为茅台酒的供不应求是这样产生的:第一,其品牌价值得到突然的释放;第二,消费者消费水平上升;第三,年仅三千吨包装供货能力。没有库存并不等于供不应求。应该说象茅台这样的品牌年销售收入仅十几个亿,实在是一种无形资产的闲置和浪费,同时也是市场的误会。一项针对高档白酒的消费调查结果表明:50岁以上的消费者70%偏爱茅台,50岁以下至少有75%的喜欢喝五粮液;再看价格,半年前同度数的茅台与五粮液的零售价只相差10元左右,但2000年年底,五粮液的价格上涨了40~60元,直逼300元。而茅台只有小幅的上升。从这两组数据和事实,可否得出这样的结论:喝茅台喝的是历史,而喝五粮液则是现代市场发展的必然结果。长此以往,随着茅台酒忠实消费者的减少,茅台也将退出它本来应该大放光彩的历史舞台。茅台到底怎么了?
【教学内容】
本章的主要教学内容为:介绍几个典型的案例,通过对这几个典型案例的分析探讨,用前几章所学的理论知识去指导现实中可能遇到的营销问题,从而加深对营销的认识和营销知识的理解。这一章既是对前几章所学知识的复习,又是对这些理论的深入。
16.1
案例一:希望公司
希望学习用具公司创建于20世纪50年代中期,现在主要生产特别教育玩具和游戏用品,产品类60余个,产销业务都很兴旺,“特别教育”指的是对患有各种残疾儿童的教育工作。该公司的产品适应肢体残缺、大脑迟钝、情绪异常三类中的许多残疾儿。过去四年中,公司销售额增长率平均每年7%到8%。最近一年的销售总额是4800万元人民币,税后净利170.9万元,比前一年有所降低。过去四年中股东分红总额为97万元。
希望公司生产的玩具和游戏用品,设计主题主要是帮助病儿发展以下五种技能和技巧:运动技能(摆动四肢、转动头颈、提拿搬动小件物品等)、视觉技能(辨别物体、形状、色彩、距离、家庭成员和其他人等)、听觉技能(辨别声音、熟悉常用语句、训练反应速度等)、言语技能(即如何说话和表达要求、感觉等)和造句技巧(即进一步提高运用语言的能力)。如:平衡盘,它既可以训练病儿的运动技能,还可以不断刺激小脑和耳朵中专司平衡的器官。这个产品一经推出,市场销售一直良好,深受教师和病儿父母的好评。平衡盘用硬木做成,直径25寸,既可自由旋转,亦可调好固定下来。平衡盘的表面刻有安全槽纹,病儿不会因为滑动而摔下来。圆盘装有饰边,亦可保护儿童的手脚。这一产品的市场零售价为160元。还有一种产品叫“裁缝卡片”,这种产品的设计目的,是让病儿学会用手与眼睛的协调配合,学会辨别色彩并为他们表现创造欲望提供手段。这一产品的市场零售价是45元。
有人建议向发育正常的儿童推销上述产品,公司主管对此建议极感兴趣,然而对这么实行能否成功心中无数。换句话说,公司能将专为特别教育设计的用品推向别的市场吗?主要的公司领导之间对此展开了广泛的讨论,下面依次介绍他们的观点。
张经理说,他反对改变基本销售策略。他认为希望公司以往服务于特别教育市场,主要是通过特别教育学校购买来实现的。虽然各类学校有可能每种产品购买一两套用于下课后在教室里使用,但若将产品直接向父母推销,以便孩子在家时玩耍,那么平均每一个特别教育班将会增加销售八至十倍。简而言之,向学校推销,销量有限。而向病儿家长推销,则销量增长很快,无需将产品转向正常发育的儿童,便可以实现扩大销售额的目标。公司销售部门的员工反映,他们上门对特别教育学校的教师宣传自己产品的优点时,极少碰到什么意外难题,而是很受老师们的欢迎,因此公司主管人员认为,学校购买批量小,主要原因在于学校预算紧张,经费短缺。但是今年全国各省纷纷通过了相应的法律规定,大大提高了特别教育税,其增长速度远远超过了全国教育税总额的增长水平。张经理认为,如果由老师出面向残疾儿的父母提出,那么大多数父母会为自己的子女购买游戏玩具,以便于孩子们在家里玩耍。张经理同时指出,这一促销手段面临的问题主要在于无法得到一份准确而又合适的邮寄名单。如果有了这么一份地址,就可以起草一封措辞严谨的宣传信,直接送到残疾儿童的家庭户主手里。另外,大多数教师是否肯提供帮助,以便编成一份特殊儿童名单,张经理自己也不知道。他知道国家教育部有一份名叫《关心》的业务通讯,是专为残疾儿童的父母编写的刊物,掌握遍及全国的病儿家长详细名单,但是不知道教育部会不会向希望公司公开这份名单。公司决策人员早已注意到了这样一个事实,即绝大多数有残疾儿童的家庭,相对于其他一切条件相似但孩子发育正常的家庭来说,收入水平都要低的多。因为照顾这种病儿,尤其是为他们看病吃药,常常需要花费高额金钱。“收入相对低”这一点,在推销过程中应该作为一个因素考虑到策略制定中去。
希望公司的总经理欧阳要求销售部准备一份报告,详细分析定货来源情况。一周以后,报告交上来了,它显示在过去的一年里,销售量的86%来自学校,其余部分卖给了个人,再往前推一年,比例与此相近。这14%的个人买主中可能也有一部分并非为自己的孩子购买,比如说私人保育站的房东,特别教育机构的教师,或者某些大学的特别教育系的老师,可是除了正式调查没有别的办法能够进一步了解到确切的情况。
前面所述张经理的建议,并不要求在生产线和产品系列方面作出太大变动,这一点深得王经理的赞赏。他认为公司的产品本来就是为了残疾儿童设计制造的,如果拿出去向发育正常的儿童的父母推销,免不了会面临一些新的问题,因此需要仔细考虑。他指出如果让正常儿童使用希望公司的产品,可能会产生心理不适、感情失衡等不可预料现象。况且,该公司生产的学习用具所具有的教授或训练的大多数技能和技巧,都是正常儿童不需别人帮助便已掌握的,其父母迟早会发现这类产品中一些价格昂贵、对自己孩子用处不大的地方,因而不会继续购买。
李经理与王经理的意见基本上一致,但他同时又认为,希望公司的某一部分产品,对于发育正常的儿童和年龄组上再小一些的婴幼儿,也许很有推销潜力。李经理指出,本公司有些产品的设计主题是人体活动基本技能的训练,比如学前认字、阅读、写字、色彩配合等并非全是特教儿童才需要的技巧,所以有可能将这部分产品推向更为广大的市场。公司的心理学顾问王小姐写了一份报告说,绝大多数认真、严肃的白领阶层,如果发现自己的子女不肯学习读、写基本技巧,往往会深感失望,几乎痛不欲生。这一阶层的人们对子女的期望值更高,发现孩子智力迟钝时受到的打击也就更大。这类父母为了增强孩子的社会竞争力,是肯花费额外金钱购买特教学习用品的。几位经理人员纷纷发言,说根据自己经历和耳闻目睹,他们完全同意王小姐的研究结果。李经理认为,推销这一类产品只需引起上述一类白领阶层的注意即可成功。只要他们知道市场上存在这类产品,他们的义务感和责任心就会促使他们产生购买欲望,并将一直推动他们一件件买下去。如果公司新的销售计划只把经营项目对准这一部分产品,那么产品目录便可以做得短一些,广告宣传的范围也可窄一些,促销渠道可以主要依靠妇女杂志,目标顾客可以主要对准有4—7岁儿童的家庭。
还有一位名叫吴天亮的经理指出,依据目前的发展趋势来看,特别教育项目的开支将会越来越多。他认为残疾儿童及其父母近年来受到了更多的新闻报道和社会关注,社会各方面的力量正在给予残疾儿童及其家庭更多的照顾和服务。全国各级各地人大常委会最近作出的决议表明,许多特别教育计划的实施,将在不久的将来使得有关教育项目成为每个残疾儿童的合法权利。有人估计这些计划涉及的儿童总数将占到学龄儿童人口的15%左右,按照这些计划,为所有特别教育班级提供各项教学设备和设施将会成为该行业各公司的一大市场。吴经理还指出,到本案例形成时为止,希望公司推出的各种教学产品质量上乘、装配方便,但是缺乏创新意识,而且大部分产品其他同类公司也能制造,尽管规格有所不同。吴经理认为该公司应当继续维护自己作为生产特别教育项目玩具和游戏用品的专业厂家公司形象,同时应该大力扩展新型的产品系列,优先发展可获专利的新颖设计和工艺制作。
以上就是本篇案例的全部内容,其中有很多地方需要我们去分析和理解,在这篇案例中也有很多的信息,在这里我们用以下的方法从几个方面对这篇案例进行分析,引导大家用所学知识去理解案例中的信息。从而我们可以充分、正确地利用信息,作出相对科学的决策。
16.1.1
SWOT
分析
优势:创建于20世纪50年代中期的希望公司,有近50年的管理经验和市场经验。目前,公司的产销业务都很兴旺,这说明公司的产品很得市场的认可。同时,希望公司推出的各种产品都质量上乘、装配方便,这也是公司的一大优势。
劣势:现阶段公司的产销都很好,但是公司缺乏创新意识,在这个市场环境不断变化的时代,这是一个不容忽视的劣势。另外一个劣势是公司的产品与其他公司的产品存在同质化倾向,希望公司的大部分产品,其他同类公司也能制造,这不利于建立顾客长久的忠诚度和吸引潜在顾客,对公司的长远发展非常不利。
机会:公司产品很受特别教育学校老师的欢迎,这是公司把消费者的购买行为培养成习惯性购买行为的好时机。在这个竞争激烈的社会,绝大多数白领阶层对孩子的期望值都很高,为了提高孩子的社会竞争力,他们愿意在特教学习用品上花费额外的金钱。另外,在政策上,全国各级各地人大常委会最近作出的决策表明,许多特别教育计划的实施,将在不久的将来使得有关教育项目成为每个残疾儿童的合法权利,所涉及的儿童总数将会占到学龄儿童人口的15%左右,这无疑将增加希望公司的消费市场,是公司发展的一个机会。同时,国家教育部拥有的《关心》杂志,掌握有遍及全国的病儿家长详细名单,如果能通过公关获取这些信息,也是公司一个节约宣传费用、提高宣传效果、节约成本的机会。
威胁:绝大多数残疾儿童的家庭,与其他一切条件相似但孩子发育正常的家庭相比,收入水平要低得多,这会影响到他们对希望公司产品的购买力。尽管希望公司的学习用品先在很受欢迎。但是正常儿童使用公司产品时可能会产生心理不适、感情失衡等不可预料现象。
16.1.2
STP
分析
市场细分(Market Segmentation):就是根据消费者需求的差异性,把消费者分成若干个群体,具有相同需求的顾客群体称为细分市场。希望公司根据需求的不同,把消费者划分为两个细分市场,即残疾儿童和发育正常的儿童。这两个细分市场符合了有效细分的要求:可衡量性、足量性、可接近性、差异性和行动可能性。
目标市场选定(Market Targeting):在这个案例中,希望公司更倾向于单细分市场目标,即其目标市场是残疾儿童,公司可能继续维护自己作为生产特别教育项目玩具和游戏用品的专业公司形象。一般来说,多细分市场目标与单细分市场目标相比,更能分散公司的风险。但是如果公司计划进入可能有消费潜力的正常儿童市场的话,一定要做好调研、试销等环节后,再做决定。如果调查的结果是可以进入该市场,那么考虑到公司原来产品在消费者心中与残疾儿童紧密联系的事实,可以考虑用副品牌进入,以防消费者产生概念混乱。
市场定位(Market Positioning):建立与传播该产品在市场上的关键特征与利益。希望公司将产品定位在帮助病儿发展以下五种技能和技巧:运动技能、视觉技能、听觉技能、言语技能和造句技巧。这就使希望公司产品在消费者心中占有的一个独特的、有价值的位置。公司应该坚持不懈的反复强调这个定位,并且进行令人信服的传播,取得品牌优势后再考虑进入其他的相关市场。
16.1.3 4Ps分析

产品战略:一般指产品线、品牌、包装等。希望公司现在有60余个产品系列,产品质量上乘并且装配方便。但是大部分产品其他同类公司也能生产,产品不具差异性,不利于建立长久的竞争优势,所以公司应该加大研发投入,扩展新型的产品系列,优先发展可获专利的新颖设计和工艺制造。
价格战略:在公司现有的60多种产品系列中,“平衡盘”的市场零售价为160元;“裁缝卡片”的售价为45元。在定价时考虑到病儿家庭“收入相对低”这一点,可适当的采用较低的价格。而针对白领阶层收入相对较高且愿意花额外的钱为孩子购买特教学习用品这一特性,对这些针对正常儿童的特教学习用品定相对较高的价格。当然,在定价时我们还应该考虑企业现阶段的目标、需求的价格弹性、成本、竞争者价格等因素。只有综合考虑这些因素后才能对产品做出科学的定价,如果考虑不全面很可能影响到产品的市场份额等。
渠道战略:希望公司销售部的报告称定货来源中86%的买主是学校,其余14%的买主是个人,而没有批发商、零售商等,这说明公司采用的是零级渠道,也就是直接营销渠道。这有利于公司更好的了解市场,对消费者需求的变化做出及时的反应,保证了向消费者提供产品的及时性,并对产品的使用方法和可能出现的问题提供更科学更及时的服务。同时可以控制价格和减少假冒伪劣产品,保护消费者的利益,使消费者一般都能买到货真价实的产品,进而提高消费者的满意度和忠诚度。
促销战略:希望公司可能将采取一些促销手段,向目标消费者宣传产品的特殊用途和好处,促进销售额增长。这些手段可能包括公共关系、针对消费者的宣传、有限的广告等。对希望公司来说,首先要解决的应该是公共关系,公共关系的对象包括顾客、供应商、竞争者、新闻界、金融界、政府及其他社会公众。对希望公司来说,主要的对象应该是特殊教育学校的老师,他们如果肯提供帮助的话,公司产品的销售额(更重要的是忠诚度)都会有很大提高,因为在中国,人们对老师有种天生的信任和尊重,更何况是特殊教育的老师呢?另一个重要对象是教育部,如果他们能提供全国的病儿家长的详细名单的话,公司的宣传将更有针对性。第三个重要对象应该就是广告媒体,公司可能选择杂志作为重要媒体,杂志广告有很多的优点,如:对象具有针对性、可信度高并有一定的权威性、复制率高、保存期长、传阅者多等。
16.1.4
建议
根据以上的分析,我认为公司应该采取的战略目标是:在保持现有市场的同时,努力成为特殊教育产品的专家企业,树立公司在该行业的领导者地位。希望公司在特教行业中已具有比较好的客户满意度和知名度,它应该承担起满足特教行业各种需求的责任,尽可能地努力发展特教学校需要的产品,开发专利技术,从而塑造新的形象,成为这一行业的领先者。公司可以增加更多的对特殊教育的服务内容和服务产品,强化和加深公司的原有形象,并且这样也顺应了政府和特教部门的有关政策,正所谓顺势而行,如顺水行舟,也减少了我们实现目标的障碍。并且这样公司承担的风险也小,不用花费大量的时间和资金去改变公司在消费者心中的原有形象,并且这种形象也许是其他公司求之不可得的,公司应该去利用它而不是去努力消除它。同时,作为目标消费者的特教学校乐于配备更现代化的教学设施和用具,并且学校使用的资金是政府的拨款,而不是个人的,政策上特教学校又将得到更多的教育拨款,所以,特教学校是不会对价格太敏感的,这样给学校生产特教设备的利润也会高于给不富裕的残疾儿家长设计的产品。至于正常儿童家长,要让他们接受给自己的孩子买残疾儿用的产品是很难的,并且时间久了他们会发现即使不买这些产品,他们的孩子到时候也会自然掌握相关技巧。从长远来看,正常儿童这个市场的容量很可能并不足够大。所以,公司应该把自己定位在生产特教产品的专家形象上。在这个公司的战略目标定位下,公司应该努力做好以下几点:加大研究与开发的投入,和政府搞好关系,稳定、扩展和加深公司的现有产品和市场。
【思考题】
(1) 如果希望公司在残疾儿童玩具市场上已经做的非常好,处于这个市场上的领先者地位,你觉得它可以进入正常儿童市场吗?
(2) 企业在制作广告的过程中,应该如何运用营销创新的原则来吸引消费者?
(3) 企业是否应该做一些公益广告来提升企业形象?
(4) 你认为希望公司现在的主要任务是什么?
(5) 你认为希望公司的销售渠道采用直销方式是最好的吗?
(6) 希望公司的直销方式对于产品、价格和促销手段都会产生什么影响?
16.2
案例二:东方汽轮机厂
东方汽轮机厂位于四川省德阳市,距省会成都50公里,是60年代建成的重点三线企业。该厂地处地势平坦的川西平原,是宝成铁路经过之地。
当年建设者们在“备战、备荒、为人民”的号召下,从祖国的四面八方来到这里,经过几十年艰苦奋斗,把这个厂建设成了我国三大汽轮机制造厂之一。目前该企业已拥有固定资产3.24亿元,下设12个分厂,职工人数达7409人,各类技术人员达1700余人,拥有国内较强的专业技术力量。建厂以来已累计生产汽轮机217万台,总产值达10.7亿元,实现利润1.3亿元,向国家上交利税0.85 亿元。
由于该厂建在过去工业基础较差的三线地区,企业不得不自己办社会。职工中高达15%的人是服务人员,厂里托儿所、幼儿园、中小学、技校、医院、储蓄所、食品厂等各类设施一应俱全,整个厂区就像是一个小城市。这样,给厂里背上了不小的包袱。
汽轮机是一种技术含量相当高的机电产品,改革开放以来,由于我国对基础产业和设施进行倾斜投资,建设了许多发电厂,对汽轮机的需求量很大。但是由于我国汽轮机技术相对世界先进水平还有较大的差距,品种也不齐全,许多电厂都从国外进口汽轮机,当时东方汽轮机厂厂长叫郭维藩,上海人,48岁,1962年毕业于清华大学燃气轮机专业。来到东方汽轮机厂后,当过车间班组长、车间主任、生产处副处长,1982年当上了副厂长,1986年后升任厂长。郭厂长性格比较内向、稳重、平易近人,对生产技术十分熟悉,威信很高。另有两个副厂长,一位姓杨,一位姓李。杨副厂长1955年毕业于某中等技术专业学校机械制造专业,毕业后曾在社办机械厂当过技术员、副厂长,1974年调来东方厂,先后任采购员、推销员、销售处长和经营副厂长。杨副厂长1953年毕业于某大学汽车制造专业,毕业后在洛阳拖拉机厂当技术员,1974年来到东方厂当技术员、车间主任,后来提为生产处处长、生产副厂长。李副厂长平时爱钻研业务,办事认真细心、生产经验丰富。
全国生产大型汽轮机的厂家共三家,其中东方汽轮机厂的效益低于同行业平均水平。近来东方厂收益状况不断恶化,表现为固定成本及变动成本增加很快。原因一方面在于厂里近几年购置了一些设备;另一方面是车间经费及企业管理费近年来处于失控状态,上升较快,同时原材料价格上涨很厉害,这些因素加起来使成本上升很多,但是汽轮机的价格由国家限定死了,不让涨价,这样企业每生产一台20万千瓦的汽轮机就要亏损37万元,生产越多亏损越大,国家给予一定补贴,补贴后大型汽轮机利润率有14%。企业对生产汽轮机的积极性不高。
东方厂的劳动生产率逐年上升,但与行业平均水平相比还是偏低。东方厂原设计能力是80万千瓦,“八五”期间扩建设计能力达到了140万千瓦,1995年实际生产能力只有100万千瓦。
我国政府有关部门认识到要保证经济高速、健康地发展,电力建设必须加大力度超前发展。经过多年建设,我国已形成了以水电、火电为主,核电等能源为辅的电力格局,建设电力事业由国家、地方、企业共同承担。近年来,电站建设发展很快,建成、正建或筹建的电站很多,但是我国电力发展现状与发达国家甚至许多发展中国家相比还有相当大的差距。我国的人均装机容量仅0.1千瓦/人,而俄罗斯达到1.2千瓦/人。我国近几年的年平均装机容量增长率为8.8%,按此速度我国要达到目前俄、日的水平需要30年,达到美国的水平需要43年。
前段时间,四川省计委批准给作为国有大型骨干企业的东方汽轮机厂2000万元贷款。对于如何利用这笔贷款,厂里产生了几种不同意见。在日前举行的厂务会上,这一问题引起了热烈讨论。
以杨副厂长为首的一派主张利用这笔贷款多搞一些市场上需求大的、利润高的产品。他们认为同行业的另两家汽轮机厂家之所以效益好,就是由于除生产汽轮机外,还从事多种经营,因此东方厂应该借鉴这种经验,生产一些高利润的产品来弥补低利润的汽轮机产品,做到“堤内损失堤内补”。他们说厂里的优势是拥有许多大、精、尖通用设备,但利用率一直较低。1995年设备利用率只有40%,如果搞一些多种经营,把设备充分利用起来,完全可以生产经营一些市场上的紧俏产品,提高经济效益。单靠汽轮机来维持全厂利润所带来的教训曾是严重的。1980年初,由于国民经济调整,汽轮机生产指令性计划紧缩,厂里一下子连职工工资都发不出来,有几个月是借钱发工资,那时东方厂几乎陷入绝境。厂里应牢记这一教训,搞多角化经营,分散经营风险。
以生产副厂长李副厂长为首的一派则认为,东方厂效益欠佳是由于生产能力未能充分发挥,而生产能力未能充分发挥的原因又是企业原有生产设备的配置是以中型汽轮机为对象来生产设计的,对于制造大型汽轮机产品很不适应,有几个关键的加工设备不配套,有的关键设备陈旧、精度下降,使汽轮机高压、中压、低压模块生产能力不配套,加工质量得不到保证,工艺设备瓶颈较多,制约了整个厂生产能力的发挥。如果能把2000万元贷款集中投资到关键的瓶颈设备上,提高关键部件和大件的加工能力,提高加工质量,厂里的生产能力就会成倍的增长。
这一派还认为,在2000年以前我国的大型汽轮机产品会处于供不应求的状况,汽轮机行业任重而道远。东方厂作为全国三大汽轮机厂之一,决不能放弃生产大型汽轮机产品的方向。这既是国家计划的要求,也是东方厂难得的发展机会。坚守大型汽轮机的发展方向,努力提高汽轮机的生产能力,满足不同地区、不同用途的用户需求,逐步开发空冷机组、供热机组、调峰机组和核电汽轮机组等产品,在同行业中做到人无我有、人晚我早、人少我先的抢先发展战略,这样才能使企业有一个较大的发展。这一派还批评另一派对汽轮机生产重视不够,看法有些片面。东方厂是汽轮机厂,汽轮机是企业的主导产品。他们并不反对多种经营,但认为目前还不是时候,应当首先把汽轮机这种商品经营好,汽轮机也是商品,尽管它现在还处在供不应求的卖方市场状态,但如果缺乏市场营销观念,对社会需求及发展趋势不作调查研究,不注意制定相应的战略措施,这种产品的生产和经营也会出现失误。这是企业前几年大起大落的经验教训所在。要重视不可控制的环境因素的影响,善于通过市场细分选择好目标市场,重视市场营销组合的策略;同时提高产品质量,努力降低成本,讲究经营战略,这样才能把企业搞好,也才能对国家作出更大贡献,同时企业经济效益也才会提高。他们认为把2000万元用到发展其他产品上去可能还不够用,这样做既不能完全解决发展多种经营的问题,也没有解决汽轮机生产关键设备问题,没有把钱用在刀刃上,是不恰当的。
杨副厂长那一派则觉得李副厂长在社会主义市场经济条件下思想还未开窍,过于保守。两派之间互不相让,都认为自己的意见是正确的,郭厂长也难以作决断,他思考再三也没有想出一个解决办法,担心问题解决不好,不仅影响领导班子的团结,而且会影响企业将来的发展。
以上就是这篇案例的全部内容,在这里我们除了用我们学过的SWOT分析框架来分析外,也从分析模型STP中的一个方面即市场定位来对本篇案例进行详细理解。
16.2.1 SWOT分析
优势:汽轮机是一种技术含量相当高的产品,东方厂拥有许多大、精、尖通用设备,拥有各类技术人员达1700余人,拥有国内较强的专业技术力量,这对提高产品的质量和产品创新是个不可忽视的内部优势。在与政府的关系中,省计委很重视该企业的发展,并且还给东方厂贷款2000万元作为发展资金,在中国这个政治对经济影响极大的国家,能受到政府部门的重视,和政府建立良好的关系也绝对是一大优势。
劣势:在地理位置上,东方汽轮机厂地处四川盆地,交通不方便,这会影响到该厂的物流成本;信息相对闭塞,这不利于该厂进行对供应商、顾客、竞争者等信息的收集;科技交流不足,因为汽轮机是一种技术含量高的产品,这很可能会影响东方厂的技术进步和产品创新,而更高技术含量的新产品的推出和产品质量对于建立品牌优势和顾客忠诚都很重要,科技交流不足会成为东方厂的一大劣势。另外,车间费和企业管理费今年来处于失控状态,这说明企业的内部管理上存在问题,管理水平欠佳,东方厂应该首先强化提高管理水平,所谓“攘外必先安内”。该厂劳动生产率虽然逐年上升,但是仍低于行业平均水平,也就是劳动生产率低。最后,东方厂的大、精、尖设备的利用率一直很低,1995年的利用率只有40%。
机会:随着改革开放的到来,我国开始对基础产业和设施进行倾斜投资,建设了许多发电厂,这无疑会加大对汽轮机的需求量,改革开放是该行业发展的一大机会。我国政府有关部门认识到电力发展对保证经济高速、健康发展的重要性,会加大对电力发展的投入,在国家、地方和企业共同建设下,我国的电力事业发展很快,对汽轮机的需求量也会不断增大。目前,我国的人均装机容量仅0.1千瓦/人,要达到俄、日的水平还需要30年,达到美国的水平还需要43年,这说明我国的电力事业还有很大的发展空间,电力发展还会持续很长一段时间,那么对汽轮机的高需求也不会在短期内消失。东方厂作为全国三大汽轮机厂之一,坚决不能放弃生产大型汽轮机的方向,这是国家政策和计划给这个行业的机会,东方厂一定要抓住。
威胁:由于我国汽轮机技术相对世界先进水平还有较大的差距,技术水平比较落后,汽轮机的品种也不齐全,许多电厂都从国外进口汽轮机,这使得国内汽轮机生产厂家的市场大大缩小,这对国内汽轮机生产厂家是一个很大的威胁,从根本上应该说国内技术水平落后是该行业必须面对的一大威胁。同时原材料价格上涨,使产品成本上升很多,影响企业利润,这也构成企业发展的一个威胁。
16.2.2市场定位
综合以上分析,从企业长期发展来看,作为全国三大汽轮机厂之一,应该定位于质量卓越的国内汽轮机行业领先者。在全国,生产大型汽轮机的厂家共三家,相对来说竞争并不激烈,但是因为国内汽轮机水平远远落后于世界先进水平,许多电厂都从国外进口汽轮机,这无形中加剧了竞争,东方厂应该从更大的范围内来看中国市场的竞争,因为国外的一些厂家确实抢走了东方厂的一部分市场。而力图满足相同顾客需要或服务于同一顾客群的企业都应被看作竞争者,这样东方厂实际上面对的是比国内的两家汽轮机厂更多的竞争者,这就要求东方厂要制定出更长远的战略计划。要制定长远的战略计划,就必须首先解决好企业的定位问题,定位是我们的长远目标,是我们努力的方向。只有对东方厂定好位,明确方向,才能对它的长远发展作出规划,使作出的决策以东方厂的长期利益为重。从SWOT的分析中我们了解到了东方厂面对的机会、威胁、优势、劣势,东方厂可以利用技术等方面的优势来利用机会,减少威胁,同时还应该通过对市场、技术信息的收集,降低自己的劣势。因此,东方厂有足够的条件把自己定位于:质量卓越、技术先进的国内汽轮机行业领先者。然后把有限的资源向着这一目标运用,以实现和巩固企业的这个市场定位。
16.2.3多元化发展
多元化是增长战略中的一种,有相关多元化和非相关多元化两种。企业一般采用的都是相关多元化,因为进入企业自己不熟悉的行业是有很大风险的。多元化一般都是为了充分利用品牌效应,用一个名牌产品带动同一品牌下其他产品的销量,这可以利用顾客的品牌忠诚和“晕轮效应”,多元化同时为企业的主营业务提供辅助功能。例如,“康师傅”从主营业务方便面做起,作出知名度后又开始推出饮料、水、饼干、沙琪玛等。消费者信任康师傅的方便面,也就会认为康师傅其他产品同样是质量卓越的产品。但是,现在东方厂连主营业务还没有做好,也就是连一个让消费者忠诚的名牌产品都没有,资金利税率和销售利润率都低于行业水平。在这种情况下,东方厂根本不具备搞多元化的市场优势,除了生产外,还要花费很大的成本去做新增产品的市场推广,2000万元可能远远不够,而且结果也难以预料,存在很大的风险。东方厂每生产一台20万千瓦的汽轮机要亏损37万元,可见汽轮机的价格之高,作为一种高价产品,消费者在进行购买时最关心的是质量问题,而对价格的敏感度可能并不大。随着改革开放的深入,价格的限制也早晚会被取消,只有提高质量,才能在以后的市场中赢得优势、赢得利润。所以东方厂要想长期发展,就应该把企业有限的资源投入到自己的主营业务上,待东方厂的汽轮机已经是一个很受消费者欢迎的名牌产品时再搞多元化也不迟。
【思考题】
(1) 你觉得东方厂现在最大的问题是什么?
(2) 对东方厂来说,有没有必要做一些广告等促销活动,如果有,该怎么做?
(3) 目前,为了提高汽轮机的技术水平,东方厂应该怎样进行技术创新?
16.3
案例三:春都集团
洛阳春都集团有限责任公司的前身是1958年成立的河南洛阳冷冻厂,当时国家投资200万元,职工不足百人。1968年,洛阳地区食品公司与洛阳冷冻厂合并,成立了洛阳食品购销站,1979年2月更名为洛阳肉联厂。在计划经济体制下,洛阳肉联厂平平淡淡的走过了几十个春秋。
1985年,放开生猪经营,肉联企业被推向市场。结果全国1500多家国有肉联企业中很快有90%以上滑入了亏损困境,洛阳肉联厂也不例外。在国家对肉联企业经营提出“大变小、生变熟、粗变细、废变宝”的四个转变后,洛阳肉联厂于1986年引进了火腿肠生产大国日本的一台火腿肠灌装机,投资上马火腿肠生产项目,改变了原来单纯从事生猪屠宰储藏业务的经营状况,对猪肉进行深加工,发展高温肉制品生产加工业务。1987年8月,中国第一根被命名为“春都”的火腿肠在河南洛阳诞生,并迅速受到市场青睐,销售额从最初的2亿多元猛增到20多亿元,年创利润2亿多元。市场的青睐使洛阳肉联厂成为中国河南肉联厂行业走向辉煌的金色起跑线。“春都”火腿肠的生产能力在短短几年间猛增100倍,生产线有7条、20条、40条直至109条,生产规模由不足万吨扩大到年产20万吨,却依然无法满足市场的需求。春都狂飙突进带动了整个火腿肠产业在国内迅速崛起,并迅速形成了强大的产业群体优势。看准了这一神奇多米诺骨牌效应的郑州肉联厂、漯河肉联厂等河南肉联厂企业乘势而上,相继推出了“郑荣”、“双汇”等火腿肠新品牌。
由于有洛阳肉联企业作为先行者和参照系,宅们起步不久便以事半功倍的后发优势和声势浩大的广告宣传,与春都形成了相互竞争、共同发展、瓜分全国火腿肠市场的态势,骤然形成强大的产业群优势,为河南省带来了巨大的经济效益。20世纪80年代还为本地生猪销路发愁的河南,随着火腿肠的崛起,仅每年就从四川“吃进”生猪近900万头,占生猪基地四川年出栏数的1/9,其中仅春都一家每年就能消化生猪600万头。小小的火腿肠,使河南由生猪调出大省转而成为全国最大的生猪调入大省。这一经济奇迹震动了国内食品行业。1992年,以洛阳肉联厂为核心,以“春都”牌火腿肠为龙头产品组建了洛阳春都食品集团,后逐步改造为春都集团有限责任公司。1999年3月,由春都集团独家发起成立的“洛阳春都食品股份公司”在深圳交易所挂牌上市。作为中国最大的火腿肠生产基地,春都集团曾先后被确定为河南省50家重点企业、全国120家大型企业集团试点单位和全国520家大型重点工业企业,并被评为“全国食品行业质量效益型先进企业”、“中国行业百强企业”等先进单位。
到20世纪90年代初,春都成为收入超十亿元、利润过亿元的国内著名大型肉制品生产加工企业。“春都”火腿肠几乎成为中国火腿肠的代名词。
过于轻易的成功冲昏了春都的头脑,在其主营业务如日中天之际,春都患上了“投资饥渴”症,盲目扩张,开始了漫无目的的多元化。
当地领导要求春都尽快做大做强,洛阳当地制革厂、饮料厂、药厂、木材厂等一大堆负债累累、与肉食加工不相干的亏损企业被一股脑的归于春都名下。春都开始了疯狂的扩张。
在较短的几年内春都投巨资增加了医药、茶饮料、房地产等多个经营项目,并跨地区、跨行业收购兼并了洛阳市旋宫大厦、平顶山肉联厂、重庆万州食品公司等17家亏损企业,使其经营范围涉及生猪屠宰加工、熟肉制品、茶饮料、医药、旅馆酒店、房地产、木材加工、商业等,不仅在资产上形成了多元化,而且在经营上形成了多角化,成为名副其实的现代化跨行业企业。
1988年以来,春都集团先后兼并了洛阳食品公司等11家企业,全资收购郑州群康制药厂等6家企业;与此同时,先后对河南思达科技集团等24家企业进行参股和控股,使集团员工从1000来人很快突破到10000人。在金融机构的鼎力支持下,数亿资金像胡椒面一样被春都撒向这些企业。
1993年8月,春都在原洛阳肉联厂的基础上进行股份制改造,组建春都集团股份有限公司,向社会432家股东定向募集法人股1亿股,募集资金近2亿元。春都先投资1000多万元参股经营8家企业,后又投资1.5亿元控股经营16家企业,其结果是这些企业全部变成了春都的累赘。
1994年9月,春都与美国宝星投资公司等5家外商合资,吸引外资折合人民币2.9亿元。但合资后外方发现春都的问题,于1997年寻找理由提出撤资,按照协议,本息加上红利,春都一次损失1亿多元。
1998年12月,已是亏损累累的春都集团决定选择集团公司部分资产重组上市,募集资金4.24亿元。大股东春都集团和上市公司春都食品公司实际上是一套人马、两块牌子,人员、资金、财务根本没有分开。上市后的第三个月,春都集团就从上市公司抽走募集资金1.9亿元用于偿还其他债务,此后又陆续打着“有偿占用”的旗号挪用上市公司数笔资金,合计高达3.3亿元,占上市公司募集资金总数的80%,从而造成上市公司对公众承诺的10大投资项目成为一纸空文,使拥有春都核心主业的上市公司失去了发展的大好时机。
以资产计,春都资产平均以每年近6倍的速度递增,由1987年的3950万元迅速膨胀到29.69亿元。然而,扩张不但没有为春都带来多少收益,还使公司背上了沉重的包袱。由于战线过长,春都兼并和收购的17家企业中,半数以上亏损,近半数关门停产;对20多家企业参股和控股的巨大投资也有去无回。
此时,春都集团的成功也惊醒了同类企业的睡梦,“郑荣”、“双汇”、“雨润”等火腿肠品牌乘风而起,与春都展开了激烈的竞争,形成群雄纷争的局面。
南京雨润公司是一家民营企业,成立于1993年。公司起点高、发展快,短短7年时间,已经发展成为一个集科研、饲养、屠宰、肉类加工、销售经营、建筑安装为一体的科、工、贸综合型企业,固定资产达8亿多元,员工8000人。公司注重发展,每年拿出盈利部分的90%投入到设备改造、更新和新项目开发方面。他们先后投资数亿元从欧美、日本等地引进400多台套先进设备,100多条生产线,达到国际先进水平。他们的低温肉制品加工,通过西方生产技术与国内传统工艺的相互结合,生产出各种风味、适合不同消费者的系列肉制品,产品达10大系列486个品种。“雨润”已成为华东地区最大的综合型肉制品生产基地,在全国建立了200多个销售网络,货物铺满大小商场、超市,1999年实现销售额12亿,2000年上半年(1-6月)更是突破十亿。“雨润”更把产品质量提高到了道德高度,提出了食品工业就是道德工业的观念,严守质量关。
双汇集团和春都集团的背景有着惊人的相似,他们的前身分别是漯河肉联厂和洛阳肉联厂,都是始建于1958年,又都是1984年由省管下放到地方。不同的是,1984年漯河肉联厂的资产总额是468万元,企业累计亏损534万元,而洛阳肉联厂的资产总额是2000万元,当年实现利税200万元。1986年,中国第一根火腿肠在洛阳肉联厂诞生,而漯河肉联厂生产出第一根火腿肠已是6年之后的1992年。1993年,春都集团实现工业总产值、利税分别达到11.599亿元、1.082亿元,而双汇集团仅为8.57亿元和7045万元,无论从各方面来看都处于劣势的双汇集团,却在短短几年内成了同行业的排头兵。
1995年底,双汇挑起了价格战,他们把100g火腿肠中的猪肉成分由85%降到70%,价格也随之由每根1.1元降到了0.9元,但仍有10%产品保持原有的成分比例及售价。春都立即也调低了火腿肠猪肉比例及售价,但不象双汇保留了10%不动,而是将全部产品都调到了这个档次。
双汇紧接着把猪肉成分又下调到60%、50%、40%,一直调到15%,价格也降到了最低:一根火腿肠卖到了5角钱一根!双汇每调一次,春都便跟进一次,最终春都火腿肠的价格也降到了5角钱一根。但是春都怎么也没有想到:双汇火腿肠里的猪肉成分每调低一次,这种档次的火腿肠产量就减少一些,由最初的90%变为80%、70%、60%……最后当它的价格降到5角钱一根时,这种品质的火腿肠仅占10%。其他90%的火腿肠仍维持在85%的成分比例及原有的价格上。这就等于买双汇火腿肠,10个顾客顶多有一个说“不好”,而买春都火腿肠的顾客,10个人就有10个都说“不好”。
待春都醒悟过来,赶紧恢复“高质高价”火腿肠的生产销售时,已是为时已晚——顾客已经不吃春都的火腿肠了,经销商也不进春都的货了!“春都”高质高价火腿肠的销售比例调到10%,就再也上不去了。春都和双汇掉了个个儿:双汇是10%的低质低价产品,90%的高质高价产品,春都是90%的低质低价产品,10%的高质高价产品,春都的市场就这样被双汇夺去了……
正当春都在主营市场上一步步撤退时,2001年7月,春都在国家季度抽查中有两个产品亚硝酸钠超标,被国家质检总局判为“综合不符合”,即轻微不合格。肉质检测中心于8月30日将检测报告寄往春都德可公司(下属分公司),而该公司质检科长因正在办理调动手续未正常交接,致使春都一直认为质检产品为合格,直到11月20日《人民日报》第4版公布之日,春都才知道检测结果,此时已经陷入被动。
虽然根据国家相关标准,亚硝酸钠在火腿类产品中允许的含量为小于等于70mg/kg,而上次抽查的产品为小于等于35.8mg/kg,远远低于国家标准,春都为提高产品质量,自定企业标准为小于等于30mg/kg,对照国家标准,该产品无疑为合格产品;但是对照企业标准,则达不到对消费者承诺的指标值。抽检不合格无疑为春都雪上加霜。风光不在的春都已经回天无力了。
这是一个失败的案例,我们可以从春都的兴衰中去仔细理解和体会营销作为一种思想、一种战略和一种过程的巨大作用,并从这个案例中吸取教训、发现营销过程中可能存在的问题。
16.3.1核心竞争力
企业要生存和发展,核心竞争力是必不可少的重要条件,核心能力是一种整合企业内外部资源(技术和知识)的能力。在整合企业内外部资源的过程中,各个企业根据自己的优势围绕某一方面来整合资源,是围绕某一个方面而不是没有目的的盲目强化。核心能力是企业所独有的,具有不可完全模仿性和动态调整性。春都作为一个企业必须有自己的主业,在这里春都的主业应该就是火腿肠,而且它必须形成自己的核心竞争力。事实证明春都从日本进口一台火腿肠灌装机是一个非常正确的决策,这在开始对春都来说可能是一个核心能力,但是随着“郑荣”、“雨润”、“双汇”等的出现,市场环境已经变了。南京雨润也从欧美、日本引进了400台套设备和100多条生产线,并已经达到国际先进水平,这时,春都已经没有什么核心能力了。但是,春都却不注意对自己的核心能力进行调整升级。作为企业,必须有自己的主营业务,而且必须形成自己的核心竞争力,春都在盲目多元化的过程中,行业跨度过大,战线过长,这使春都的主营业务淡化,春都的核心竞争力被瓦解,企业的资源不是以火腿肠为重点进行整合,而是盲目的扩张。失去了核心能力也就失去了在市场上竞争的优势,在“郑荣”、“雨润”、“双汇”等火腿肠品牌不断瓜分市场的纷争中,春都首先丢了武器,最后只是为他人做嫁衣,给其他企业找到了火腿肠生产这个发展壮大的机会。
16.3.2多元化
在春都的公司层战略中,它采用的是增长战略。增长可以通过直接扩张、纵向一体化、横向一体化以及多元化来实现。1986年春都从日本引进了一台火腿肠灌装机,这是采用了前向一体化的增长方式,这一决策的成功实施使春都的销售额猛增了9倍。在增长战略中,春都又采取了多元化战略,在这一战略中春都同时使用了相关多元化和非相关多元化。一般情况下,如果我们恰当地运用多元化,可以分散企业经营风险,优化企业营销组合,充分利用品牌效应,增强企业综合竞争能力,为企业的主营业务提供辅助功能,或是为企业进入新领域寻找一个相对较高的起点。但是在做决策的时候,经营者应该注意本企业的原有定位与品牌形象,企业的优势和劣势,还有企业在可能进入的领域中是否拥有丰富的经验等。然而,春都在多元化的过程中根本没有做长远打算,也没有注意以上这些应考虑的因素,它的经营范围涉及茶饮料、医药、旅馆酒店、房地产、木材加工、商业等。在企业有限的资源下,春都在主营业务各个方面的投入就显得不足,而在新兼并的一些企业面前又是外行,没有经验。这种多元化使得春都负重而行,在各个行业都落伍也是必然的下场。
16.3.3竞争者分析
在激烈的市场竞争中,企业要生存不但要不断提高自己的营销战略和技巧,同时也要不断的观测竞争者的战略,以做到“知己知彼”,这样才能在激烈的竞争中求得生存。富有活力的竞争者将随时间的推移而调整其战略,所以企业也必须及时准确的发现竞争者战略的变化,以对这些变化做出科学、及时的反应。在对竞争者分析时一般包括这样几个步骤:
(1) 首先要识别公司竞争者。广义上说,只要是制造火腿肠的公司都是春都的竞争者,在这里春都的主要竞争者应该就是“郑荣”、“双汇”、“雨润”,他们都是实力比较强的企业。
(2) 辨别竞争对手的战略,由案例可知雨润采取的是“高质量”战略,而双汇采取的是“低价”策略。
(3) 在辨别清战略后,我们必须清楚竞争者的目标,确定每个竞争者在市场上追求什么?其行为动机是什么?在这里“雨润”投入巨资购进具有国际水平的生产设备和生产线,更把产品质量提高到了道德高度,提出了食品工业就是道德工业的观念,严守质量关,我们可以推测雨润的目标应该是不断的提高自己火腿肠的质量,确立雨润在消费者心目中的高质量形象,以质量取胜。而双汇的降价策略,有可能是为了满足不同收入水平的消费者的需要,或者本来就是为了引春都上当。
(4) 最后,评估竞争者的优势和劣势。雨润的优势是设备先进、研发能力强、铺货率高。劣势是成立时间短,可能在消费者心中的知名度和忠诚度还没有建立。双汇的优势是前身是肉联厂,对肉制品市场比较了解,进入火腿肠市场比较容易,也容易被消费者接受,劣势是进入火腿肠市场的时间不长,1992年才进入。在对竞争者的研究中,一般必须监控这样三个变量:市场份额、心理份额、情感份额。市场份额是指竞争者在相关市场上所拥有的销售份额情况。心理份额是指在回答“举出在这个行业中你首先想到的一家公司”这一问题时,提名竞争者的顾客在全部顾客中所占的百分比。情感份额是指在回答“举出你喜欢购买某产品的公司”这一问题时,提名竞争者的顾客在全部顾客中所占的百分比。在心理份额和情感份额方面稳步进取的公司最终将获得市场份额和利润。当然以上所有情况的获得,都是建立在大量客观信息的基础上的,因此信息的收集特别重要,信息的收集不但要准确,而且要及时,面对双汇的降价策略,春都采取的是不断的盲目跟进,而不是对双汇进行信息的收集,从而进行竞争者分析。等春都醒悟过来时,消费者已经不吃春都的火腿肠了。春都如果提前了解到竞争者双汇心理份额和情感份额的上升,找出原因,做到信息的收集及时、准确,对竞争者的分析细致入微,那么,作为行业领先者也不至于让双汇牵着鼻子走,最后落个一败涂地的下场。
16.3.4轻敌思想
笔者认为,骄傲自大、轻视敌人也是春都失败的一个很重要的原因,因为从第一根火腿肠被生产出来以后,春都的销售额从最初的2亿多元猛增到20多亿元,年创利润2亿多元。“春都”火腿肠的生产能力在短短几年间猛增100倍,生产线由7条、20条、40条直至109条,生产规模由不足万吨扩大到年产20万吨,却依然无法满足市场的需求。春都的燎原之势可能连它自己也没有想到,过于轻易的成功和这么迅猛的发展,使原本亏损的春都一时不知怎么用这些利润,不知道怎么去经营自己的企业。在出现竞争对手时,它也没有静下心了好好思考企业到底要往那个方向发展,应该怎样做好营销,也许春都过于辉煌了吧,它被巨大的成功冲昏了头,从来不担心自己会被那些后起的竞争对手打垮,只是毫无目的的投资于那些它认为有利可图的行业和企业,而不考虑自身的情况。而且在被国家质检总局判为“综合不符合”,即轻微不合格,检测报告被寄往春都的一个下属分公司的时候,该公司质检科长却因正在办理调动手续而没有正常交接,致使春都一直认为质检产品为合格,直到《人民日报》公布之日,春都才知道检测结果,此时已经陷入被动。对一个食品企业来说,质量检查不合格是一个非常严重的问题,这会严重影响企业产品在消费者心目中形象,一旦公布于众,很可能会淘汰一个企业,可是春都的质检科长却这么不重视这件事,可见企业对质量的重视程度和营销观念的薄弱。所谓“骄兵必败”,春都最后的结果虽然有一定的客观原因,但是它自身的原因可能才是主要原因。
【思考题】
(1) 你认为春都失败的最主要原因是什么?
(2) 春都在营销管理中存在哪些问题?
(3) 双汇能取得成功的原因都有哪些?
(4) 春都还可以卷土重来吗?如果可以,你有那些建议?
(5) 春都在品牌形象建设方面有哪些问题?
16.4
General Motors: Cadillac

When Executive Vice President Lloyd Reuss took his job as the head of all North American car operations for General Motors (GM) in February 1986
,he had a four-item list of goals. One of the four-clearly of the highest priority for GM concerned a single division, Cadillac. The words were strong and simple: "Restore Cadillac products and image to where they are the standard of the world." The task before Reuss was an ominous one. The U.S. auto market, General Motors, and Cadillac had all changed significantly since he joined GM in 1959. At that time, the U.S. market largely belonged to the "big three" domestic producers(GM 42 percent, Ford 28 percent, Chrysler 11 percent), and Cadillac was the "standard of the world." Now, 30 years later, things had changed. The three major domestic producers' market share has fallen to 67.8 percent, and Cadillac's share and reputation in the luxury market is being challenged not only by domestic competition but also by European and Asian competitors as well.

In order to analyze Cadillac's position in the market
Reuss must seek the answers to several questions. For example: Is it selling the right products? Are its products targeted at the right market? Does its image appeal to the buyers Cadillac seeks? Does Cadillac's advertising effectively reach the right market and convey Cadillac's desired image?
Cadillac
Cadillac Motor Car Division of General Motors got its start in 1899 as the Detroit Automobile Company and was renamed Cadillac in 1902. The car was named after the French adventurer who founded Detroit 200 years earlier. The force behind Cadillac's early years was Henry M. Leland operator of Leland & Faulconer Mfg.Co.a precision manufacturer of automotive components. Unlike Henry Ford, who once worked for Leland, Leland was not interested in building an "everyman's" car. Leland and his company were devoted to building the bestand "despite record production of 4307 vehicles in 1906Cadillac management disregarded the lure of volume sales and dedicated the company to making quality automobiles. This lost Cadillac its position as a high-volume producer,but led to engineering accomplishments that made Cadillac one of the leading fine-car manufacturers."
In 1909,Cadillac was purchased by the young General Motors Corporation. The Lelands, Henry and son Wilfred, stayed on to run Cadillac exactly as if it were their own. They did so until 1917 when they left to begin the Lincoln Motor Co. which was later sold to the Ford Motor Company.
The Lelands had left their impression on Cadillac. Their commitment to quality and innovation propelled Cadillac's status as the "standard of the world."Innovations that helped to build this reputation included the self-starter in 1912,America's first V-8 engine in 1914, synchromesh gear boxes, and safety glass as standard equipment in 1929-30. In those same years a V-12 and the world's first production V-16 automobile engine were offered. In the late 1930sas traditional coach building died outGM used the Fisher and Fleetwood names to maintain the quality image of its prestige models. In 1941 Cadillac was the second manufacturer to offer a fully automatic transmission. In the 1950s Cadillac styling reigned supreme in the art of tail fins. The 1960s brought longereven more powerful luxury carsand in 1966 Cadillac introduced its first front wheel drive(FWD) vehiclethe Eldoradoyears before FWD was offered by any of Cadillac's non-GM competitors.
Through the "longerlowerwider" years of the 1960s to late 1970sCadillac remained a distinguished luxury automobile. The Cadillac de Ville of the day weighed over 5,000
pounds,measured over 230 inches long, and was powered by an 8.2 liter engine. In comparison, the 1988 de Ville weighs only 3,437 pounds,is 196.5 inches long, and is powered by a V-8 engine that is 45 percent smaller than the 1976 model it replaces.
The trend toward smaller Cadillacs began in 1977,in reaction to the first oil embargo of 1973. The new de Villes and Fleetwoods were 8 to 12 inches shorter and averaged 950 pounds lighter than their 1976 counterparts. These models represented the first of the downsized Cadillacs. In 1979, the Eldorado received similar treatment. For 1979,the Eldorados were 20 inches shorter and 1,150 pounds lighter than the 1978 models. In 1985 and 1986, respectively, the de Villes and Eldorados underwent yet another round of downsizing to approximately the size they are today.
Cadillac customers are those who have demanded the best in traditional luxury cars. These traditional Cadillac consumers were most often professionals, above average in income and education,and in recent years an average of 58 years of age. These Cadillac buyers had also been accustomed to buying the biggest and most powerful. This,however,had begun to change over the course of the 1970s and 80s.
In an effort to appeal to the younger upscale consumers who were not a part of the traditional Cadillac market,GM offered a new Cadillac in the 1970s.In May 1975, the Sevile was a smaller,international-size Cadillac. Featuring a fuel-injected 5.7 liter V-8 as standard equipment along with a long list of other featuresthe Seville was one of the most well-equipped cars in the world. In 1981GM introduced the smallest Cadillac ever the Cimarron. Built on the "J" chassis shared by the Chevy Cavalier and Pontiac 2000, the Cimarron was introduced to take on the small "near luxury" imports such as the BMW 320 and later 325i. In 1985, the standard Cadillac, the Sedan de Ville/Coupe de Ville, was thoroughly redesigned. The de Ville series was shortened and placed on a front-wheel-drive chassis shared with the Buick Electra and the Oldsmobile98.(Sharing the chassis,or platform,among car divisions is a common automotive industry practice, particularly among U.S. manufacturers. Henry M. Leland recognized that this sharing of parts, or what he referred to as the "true interchangeability of parts," was the key to a great future for the automotive industry.) In 1986, in a further attempt to appeal to the younger and the more functional-demanding customers, Cadillac began offering a functional luxury version to its de Ville series, the Touring Sedan. The Touring black well performance tires on 15-inch aluminum alloy wheels, higher spring rates, and faster ratio steering.
In 1986, Cadillac downsized its Eldorado and Seville(the Seville had grown larger from the 1979 model to the 1980 model year) models back to the international size. These two Cadillacs continue to share common plat- forms with Oldsmobile and Buick models.
Speaking of the 1986 Eldorado/Seville(E/S) models,Braz Pryor,Cadillac's general sales manager,says,"We[are] after a contemporary statement with international appeal for buyers young and old who want the luxury of a Cadillac in a more personal package." GM's director of design, Chuck Jordan, calls the fourth-generation Eldorado "Cadillac's youthful sporty car," adding that" sporty elegance was the design theme." Peter Levin,k director of special marketing projects at Cadillac,offered some pertinent insights about the basic market philosophy behind the E/S models when he said,"Today,we're going through a revolution in customer expectations. We're after buyers of a certain mindset....The challenge we gave our engineers was to create vehicles that were more responsive and refined but still retained out- standing comfort,because our buyers demand it."
The 1987 model year Cadillac debuted one of its most unique automobiles,the Allante. The Allante,a two-seat,coupe/convertible,is built on a shortened Eldorado/Seville chassis that is assembled and mated in the United States to bodies and interiors that arrive twice weekly, via 747 cargo jets, from their designer/manufacturer, Pininfarina,in Italy. The Allante assumes the position as the flagship model in the Cadillac line. With a 1988 base price of $57,183 and limited to a supply of 6,000 units,it is the most expensive as well as one of the most exclusive Cadillacs ever produced.
Implementing this new strategy and striving to regain the aura of quality,technology,and exclusivity now associated with European luxury cars is not an easy task. John Grettenberger,Cadillac's general manager states,"We have to be very careful that we offer the right balance. If you go too far in either directiona manufacturer like Cadillac could lose on either end of the spectrum. If we go too far in the high-tech directionwe could turn off some of our traditional buyersbut if we stick where we are then we won't appeal to the younger ones."
To help achieve Cadillac's strategy of maintaining the traditionalas well as capturing new customers Cadillac's 1987 advertising emphasized the "Spirit of Cadillac." All Cadillac models shared a number of common themes including: making an "eloquent design statement" providing customers "worldwide Cadillac exclusives"(e.g. transverse-mounted V-8 engine) balanced performancea commitment to securityand "the ultimate comfort: peace of mind" via" quality craftsmanship" and extensive warranties.
From this common basis each Cadillac model has its own individual spirit. For example the Allante is the "new spirit of Cadillac." The Allante was positioned to create a new class of performance that merges European road manners with Cadillac comfort and convenience. The Sedan de Ville and Coupe de Ville are Cadillac's "contemporary spirits representing Cadillac's belief that today's luxury cars should reflect today's values." The Fleetwood d' Elegance and Fleetwood Sixty Special are the "sophisticated spirits" of Cadillac. The d 'Elegance's formal Cabriolet roof and opera lamps and the Sixty Special's five-inch extended wheel-base make these the most luxurious of the Cadillac "C-bodies"( chassis shared with the de VilleBuick Electraand Olds 98).Eldorado is the "driving spirit" while the Sevilles is the "elegant spirit." Sharing the same chassisthe Eldorado is a two-door coupe with a suspension system that delivers control with a minimum of body roll and swaywhile the Seville is a four-door sedan that emphasizes supreme comfort and an exceptional array of standard luxury features. The Brougham d' Elegance is the "classic spirit" for this large,rear-wheel-drive Cadillac. It is a carryover from the model that the "C-body" cars were to have replaced. Because it and its competitor,the Lincoln Town Car,are in high demand,the Brougham has lived three years past its originally scheduled termination and will likely live on until the early 1990s. Last and certainly least in term of size is the "sporty spirit" of Cadillac,the Cimarron. In 1988,the Cimarron was discontinued due to poor sales. In 1988,the spirit theme of Cadillac was also discontinued.
In all of 1987,Cadillac spent $35,334,300 on TV advertising to promote the "spirit of Cadillac," a 32.5 percent increase from the previous year. HoweverBMW's TV total was $45498700and start-up Acura was almost even with Cadillac at $34478500. Cadillac's TV budget in 1988 increased to $54,126,200.
Cadillac is GM's luxury market division. In 1986Cadillac was positioned as the highest-priced divisionoffering the consumer automobiles that are conservative but not far from an even split between conservative and aggressiveand family and personal orientations. GM's goals for the 1988-89 model year show Cadillac maintaining its basic position except in terms of price, where it continues to move further upscale. According to General Manager Grettenberger," Our vision is to move every Cadillac upscale in terms of its expressiveness,image,distinctiveness,and overall content. I don't see us having a sale-weighted average of $43,000-44,000 like Mercedes-Benz. But I would like to see Cadillacs move upscale." Cadillac's 1989 model line ranges in price from approximately $25,000 for a Coupe de Ville, $26,000 for the Brougham,and $30,000-34,000 for the Fleetwood. The Eldorado begins at about $27,000 while the Seville begins at $30,000. The Allante isof coursethe high-price leader at $57183.
  The Problem
Throughout most of its existence, Cadillac has been synonymous with the finest in luxury automobiles. In the early years under the Leland family's leadershipthe company won the Dewar Trophy from the Royal Automobile Club. Cadillac not only won this coveted prize for engineering excellence and innovation once, but also was the only car company to do it twice.
After the Lelands left,and for quite some time,Cadillac managed to keep its eye trained on building the best luxury cars possible.
By the 1978 model year, Cadillac sales had hit an all-time record of 350,813 units. At that time and as recently as 1983Cadillac accounted for over one-third of all luxury car sales. In 1987 Cadillac made up less than one-quarter of all such sales. Models that had been previously very popular were selling poorly. In 1985 the Eldorado and Seville had sales of 66,863 and 32,986,respectively. During the following year,the smaller,redesigned models sold only 45 percent of the 1985 models they replaced: 1987 sales fared somewhat worse. Sales of the exclusive Allante have also been disappointing. The two-door coupe/convertible was expected to be a sellout its first year at 6,000 units,but by year's end the Allante tallied just over 2,500 units.
According to the automotive research company J.D. Powers and Associates, Mercedes- Benz owners rated their cars and dealer service higher than Cadillac owners did when asked to rate the level of satisfaction of vehicle ownership and dealer service.
What's more important to Cadillac and to Reussexecutive vice president of North American car operationswas the division's steadily declining reputation for luxury car excellence. On the surface the cause for the decline was multifaceted. FirstCadillac suffered from what the press called "look-alike cars."The Cadillac de Villes and Fleetwoods looked like Buick Electras and Oldsmobile Ninety Eights. This perception was even played up in a LincolnTown Car television commercial where Cadillac Buickand Olds owners can't tell their cars apart at a restaurant when the valets bring the three cars forward.Concedes one GM man" Cadillacone could sayis selling 300000 Buicks."
Cadillac innovation in the late 1970s and early 1980s was also a cause for concern. The availability of a V-8 diesel engine,manufactured from a modified gasoline engine,was discontinued when its reliability proved disastrous. This same scenario played a second time,and in the same time period,with Cadillac's exclusive multidisplacement engine. The engine was programmed to run on 8,6,or 4 cylinders depending on engine load demand. However, as with the diesel,lack of reliability killed the innovative engine.
On September 271988consumer activist Ralph Nader issued a report called "Cadillac-The Heartbreak of America." According to Nader"This re- port was written because of the large volume of mail we have received from indignant Cadillac purchasers who expect better quality from a $25000 investment." GM called the Nader document outdated, unfair, and inaccurate.
As Reuss looks over these problems and othershis task appears not to be an easy one. Could the quality and design of Cadillac's cars be the sole cause of the division's problems Maybe advertising and imaging are being directed at the wrong customeror perhaps the division has lost sight of just who the Cadillac customer is. Seeing the result of the problems may be easy,but finding solutions to their causes will be the real test to restoring Cadillac as the standard of the world.
16.4.1优势/劣势分析
优势:对凯迪拉克来说,高的质量和工程造诣使它成为一流的好车制造者。凯迪拉克对质量和创新的承诺提升了它作为世界标准的形象。这种创新包括1912年的自动式启动装置、1914年的美国第一个V8发动机等。20世纪50年代,凯迪拉克在尾鳍的设计艺术方面占了极大的优势。在1983年,凯迪拉克的销量占豪华车市场的三分之一。大的市场占有率就会有更大的市场知名度。凯迪拉克还有个优点就是舒适性,从凯迪拉克的大部分产品来看,它就是最好的豪华车。
劣势:1986年,更小的重新设计的车型只卖了他们取代的1985年车型的45%,1987年,所占豪华车市场的份额更是从1983年的1/3降到了1/15以下。市场份额的严重下降说明在汽车的营销中存在问题,从而引起消费者满意度的降低。另外,有媒体报道说凯迪拉克是“外形相似的汽车”,这会给消费者留下古板、没个性、没特点的形象。凯迪拉克的V8发动机安全性被证明很差,进而也就没办法使用,对汽车的安全性要求是最基本的要求,如果连安全性都无法保证,那么其他的优点再多也没人敢买。1988年,有个消费者发表报道称凯迪拉克的质量和价格不相称。这说明在消费者心目中,凯迪拉克的质量形象有所下降。还有,汽车研究公司的研究发现,奔驰车主对他们汽车和经销商服务的评价高于凯迪拉克。这说明凯迪拉克在售后服务上也存在不足之处。而售后服务是促进汽车销售的重要手段,它有着重要的作用,如:争取用户、增强竞争力;保证汽车正常使用;收集用户和市场的反馈信息;为汽车企业正确决策提供依据。同时,售后服务也是企业增加收入的一个途径,是市场竞争的一个重要因素。
16.4.2目标市场选择
凯迪拉克的消费者是在传统车中要求最高的人,这些传统的凯迪拉克消费者大部分是职业人员,收入和教育都处于平均水平以上。他们的平均年龄都在58岁左右,这些消费者曾经喜欢购买最大型的、最大动力的汽车。然而随着燃料价格上涨,他们开始改变这种购买要求。80年代,凯迪拉克开始进入年轻的消费者市场。现在凯迪拉克的市场目标就是既要保持传统市场又要吸引新顾客,其目标市场就是年轻的和年老的个人购买者。20世纪80年代,随着家庭收入的增多,年轻的消费者可以随意支配的收入也将越来越多,把高收入的年轻费者为自己的目标市场是没有错的,这也是市场发展的必然要求。
16.4.3广告策略
在1987年,凯迪拉克在电视广告中投资了35,334,300美元,比1986年增加了32.5%,但是和宝马的45,498,700美元相比,只占宝马的77.7%。在1988年,凯迪拉克的广告费增长到了54,126,200美元,比1987年增加了53.2%。这说明前几年凯迪拉克在广告方面的投入是不足的,但是这几年已经引起了重视,广告费用每年都在增加。广告是公司用以对目标顾客和公众进行直接说服的主要传播工具之一,它可以起到通知、说服和提醒的作用, 可以提高和保持产品知名度和市场占有率, 增加广告投入是提高广告效果的一个方面, 但是,首先一定要确定广告目标, 这些目标必须服从先前制定的汽车目标市场、汽车市场定位和汽车营销组合等决策。
16.4.4建议
综合以上分析,现给出以下建议:
(1) 做好细致的市场调研,找出销量下降的真正原因,这是解决问题的根本依据。
(2) 加强售后服务,可以提高顾客的满意度,解除他们的后顾之忧,并且对企业的长远发展也有不可估量的好处。汽车产品被售出只是实现了自身价值的第一次竞争,售后服务将是第二次竞争。在汽车产品趋同的情况下,售后服务成了客户决定取舍的重要依据,也是企业之间相互竞争的关键环节。从心理需求看,消费者需要被重视、被尊重,这需要经营者提供主动、热情、耐心、诚恳的售后服务来满足消费者的这种需求。
(3) 与相关媒体搞好关系,当问题出现时,应该在媒体报道出来之前及时解决。因为媒体对消费者的影响力非常大,特别是一些负面的报道,有时甚至可能淘汰一个企业。
(4) 针对调研中目标市场的偏好,对现有产品进行创新,但一定要保证产品的安全性。
【思考题】
(1)凯迪拉克所面临的情况和我国汽车市场目前的状况有哪些相似之处?
(2)试用4Ps对这篇案例进行分析。
(3)凯迪拉克是否应该采取低价策略?
16.5
Ford: Lincoln
Current Environmental Factors
Throughout the 1950s and 1960swhile energy was plentiful and inexpensiveAmerican car manufacturers enjoyed great success building cars that were large and powerful. During the 1970s, energy prices increased-the product of temporary shortages in the supply of oil. As a result, import manufacturers, many of which were building small, fuel-efficient automobiles, were in prime position to take advantage of the situation. With the influx of these fuel-thrifty importsthe domestic portion of the U.S. automobile market began to shrink from approximately 96.5 percent in 1957 to 85 percent in 1973to 77 percent in 1979and finally to approximately 68 percent in 1987. Most of these imports were coming from Japan (Toyota,Nissan,Honda,etc.), now the worlds largest producer of motor vehicles.
Western European countries also have been major suppliers of auto- mobiles to the U.S. market. Makers such as VolkswagenMercedes-Benz.and BMW from West Germany; Volvo and Saab from Sweden; to a lesser degreePeugeot and Renault from France; andsporadically FiatLanciaand Alfa Romeo from Italy. Also,during the 1980s the Yugoslavians (Yugo) and the Koreans (Hyundai and partnerships through Ford and GM) began exporting cars to the United States.
Throughout the energy shortage and until the mid-1980sthe Japanese enjoyed favorable yen/dollar exchange rates and werethereforein large part able to offer vehicles that cost less than comparable U.S. or West European products. The Japanese manufacturers also had significant success in producing these small,fuel-efficient automobiles with high quality. Howeverthe U.S. government pressured by GM Ford and Chrysler imposed a "voluntary restraint" or quotaon the number of Japanese cars which could be exported to the United States. With this quota and with the appreciation of the yenwhich occurred in the mid- to late-1980s. Japanese manufacturers began to lose their ability to sell large volumes of small cars and still make desirable profit margins. These factors began to force the Japanese to adjust their product mix to include a greater percentage of the more profitable largerupscaleand specialty automobiles.
While the Japanese first concentrated on smallfuel-efficient carsthe European car manufacturers with Volkswagen as the possible exceptionhave targeted distinct market niches. Mercedes-BenzBMWAudi Saaband Volvo have allto varying degreesconcentrated on the upper segments of the market. The Koreans and Yugoslavians have targeted the low-end market and,due to the strength of the Japanese yen against the U.S. dollar and other currencies, have replaced Japan as the low-cost automotive exporters to the U.S. market.
In response to the high cost of fuel in the mid-1970sthe U.S. big three began to downsize their products and increase the number of small and fuel-efficient models. As a resultcars in the 1980s are generally smaller and more fuel-efficient than earlier models. However, when fuel prices in the mid-to late-1980s stabilized, manufacturers began to build and consumers began to purchase the larger and more powerful models as they had in previous years. These cars were,however, still more efficient than the vehicles of the 1960s.
Car sales are a function of the economy. When work forces are employed and the economic outlook is favorablesales will more than likely be healthy. If gasoline prices are perceived as high or not stablesales of smallfuel-efficient vehicles will rise. In the mid-80s during a period of high interest rates and a slow economydomestic automobile manufacturers offered large cash rebates and attractive low-interest financing (as low as 0 percent on a 24-month term by American Motors) to spur sales. During this periodwhen customers shoppedthey not only shopped for the best model but for the best sale incentive.
Traditional versus Functional Luxury
The U.S. luxury car market can be classified into two segments. traditional and functional. U.S. manufacturers have typically produced entries to the traditional segment. and the Europeans, the functional segment. Traditional luxury cars have been represented primarily by Cadillacs and Lincolns in the first tier and Oldsmobile,Buick,Mercury, and Chrysler in the second. The functional luxury cars of Europe' were primarily made up of Germany's Mercedes-Benz. BMW and Audi; Britain's Rolls-Royce and Jaguar ; and certain models of Sweden's Saab and Volvo.
Traditional luxury cars strive to make the driving experiences as effortless as possible. This has been accomplished by providing passengers with plush, living-room-style interiors and rides so smooth that Mercury commercials of the mid-1970s boasted that a Cartier jeweler could flawlessly cut a diamond while riding in the back seat of a Mercury luxury car. The functional luxury car, on the other hand, attempts to put the driver in touch with the road via steering and suspension systems that inform the driver of the immediate environment.
Throughout Lincoln's history, the division has had a variety of competitive products to contend with. In the 1930s,brands such as Packard, Pierce-Arrow,Auburn, Cord, Imperial, and Lincoln were vying for a piece of the luxury car market. By the early 1960s, most of these great marques had become memories, with only GM's Cadillac division and Chrysler's Imperial (until 1985) left to offer a measurable amount of domestic competition.
Lincoln
,Ford's Lincoln wasn't far behind as Cadillac plotted its strategy for the luxury car market. In 1979, the Town Car/Coupe, Lincoln's equivalent to the de Ville,was downsized to dimensions similar to the Cadillac. In that same year, the Mark V, competitor to the Eldorado,was also downsized. The new Mark VI (each new design of the Mark series advances one Roman numeral) in fact shared the same platform as the Town Car; therefore,it shared similar overall dimensions and was now for the first time available with four doors. In 1982,Lincoln introduced the Continental,the replacement for the poor- selling Versailles. Both cars were direct competition to Cadillac's Seville and attempted to emulate virtues of the Seville. The new Continental went so far as to borrow certain styling cues from the Seville, Particularly the "bustle" style trunk.
In 1984, Lincoln's strategy began to change. This year Lincoln introduced the Mark VII. No longer built off the Town Car/Coupe chassis, the Mark VII was back to purely a two-door body style and offered two distinct versions: the traditional luxury model based on the
Designer Series,and the functional luxury model-the LSC. The Mark VIIs used a newly developed air suspension system not found in any other car in the United States. The LSC version came with upgraded sport-oriented appointments such as European-style seats and a firmer version of the air suspension. Over the following years,a tachometer and a higher- output engine were also added to the LSC to increase its functional appeal.
In 1988, Lincoln introduced an all new design for the Continental. Borrowing heavily on the functional theme of the Mark VII LSC,the earlier to emulate it. According to Maryann N.Keller,auto- motive industry analyst and vice president of the New York brokerage firm Furman,Selz,Mager,Deltz and Birney,"...Lincoln's new Continental, priced just under $30,000,is demonstrating that an American car maker can produce an automobile that combines appealing features from two continents[Europe and North America].The body style and interior appointments have a definite European flavor. The size and generous complement of creature comforts are distinctly American. Though it could use a more powerful engine,the Continental signals Ford's arrival as a real challenger in the functional luxury car market."
Foreign Competition-European
As Cadillac moved through the 1960s and 70s,the European luxury cars were emerging as serious alternative types of luxury automobiles. Rolls-Royce of England,long recognized as providing expensive,hand- built luxury cars, was never a Cadillac alternative. Mercedes-Benz, however, was a different kind of luxury car. If
Cadillacs were as plush as fine living rooms,the Mercedes-Benz was as functional as a well- appointed study. The Mercedes-Benz mission was not to surround the driver or passengers in cushions of soft velour or provide them with a silky smooth ride, but to provide firm,supportive seating and a con- trolled ride in an automobile engineered for traveling at high speeds on the German autobahn.
The heritage of today's Merceds-benz can be traced back to 1885 and the streets of Mannheim,Germany. It was then that Carl Friedrich Benz produced the world's first motor car. While others had pioneered and patented the gas engine,Benz applied it to a passenger-carrying vehicle.
Since the very beginning,Mercedes-Benz has stood for solid engineering. All of the company's automobiles are targeted to various price points in the functional luxury segment. While a $30,980 entry- level 190-D 2.5 model may share components with the top-of-the-line $79,840 560-SEC, there are no other "lesser" divisions that might require Mercedes-Benz components. This also affords Mercedes-Benz the luxury of maintaining a single automobile focus. However, the company is also one of the world's largest medium- and heavy-duty truck manufacturers.
As the 1970s progressed and the 1980s approached, additional European manufacturers began to market their products in the functional luxury segment. Bavarian Motor Works (BMW) of West Germany moved from exporting primarily two-door sports coupes to vehicles similar to Mercedes-Benz. BMW's strategy differed from Mercedes in that BMW catered even more so to the sport-oriented functional luxury buyer. The BMW product offerings begin with the small two- and four-door 3 series, the four-door midsize 5 series, large four-door 7 series, and the two- door 6 series. Over the past few years,BMW has broadened its product offering by introducing the previously mentioned 3 series four-door. The all new 1987 BMW 7 series includes a replacement for the 1986 735i model as well as an all-new model for 1988,the 750iL. The 750iL is the largest, and at $70,000 the most expensive, sedan than the 735i and is the only five-passenger sedan in the world to offer a 12-cylinder engine.
As the functional luxury market has developedMercedes-Benz has also become considered by many to be the ultimate car in the luxury market.(However it is recently being challenged by BMW.) The Mercedes-Benz line is similar to that of the BMW. The 190 Class is similar in size to the BMW 3 seriesthe 300 Class the 5 seriesand the S Class the 7 series. Mercedes-Benz also offers various two-door coupe and convertible models. In 1987the combined U.S. sales of Mercedes-Benz and BMW reached approximately 178000 vehiclesover half of Cadillac's current volume.
The third German player in the luxury car market is Audi. Audi reached an all-time-high U.S. sales volume of over 74,000 units in 1985 due in large part to the sleekly styled 5000 series(48,057 units). The size of a mid-Mercedes and BMW offering, the 5000 was priced lower and could be purchased with one of the first applications of four- wheel drive in a passenger car. Howeverin 1986under reports that 5000s equipped with automatic transmissions could unintentionally accelerate sales began to slide. In 1987, sales were off 44.2 percent from just two years earlier.
For the 1988 model yearin an effort to restore Audi's presence in the luxury car market the company introduced an all new replacement for the 4000 seriesnow dubbed the 80(as it is in Europe). For the 1989 model year, the Audi 5000 has been
relaunched
as the Audi 100 and 200(depending on engine size).The 100 and 200 models do not differ from the 5000 series before them in exterior appearance. However the interior has been redesignedand the Audi engineers are quick to point out the new engineering developments that differentiate the 100/200 Audis from the old 5000 series.
Foreign Competition-Japanese
The mid- to late- 1980s have been accompanied by generally stable fuel costs. As a result, manufacturers are again offering larger models and more powerful engines. In addition, the late 1980s has also included a weaker dollar against other Western currencies such as the West German mark and the Japanese yen. A weak dollar makes buying West German or Japanese imports more expensive. In an effort to maintain acceptable margins on their automobiles, many of the foreign manufacturers have raised prices. This upscale movement in prices by these manufacturers is accompanied. in many cases, by efforts to market models that are also further upscale in class and content.
In the late 1980s, a strong Japanese yen helped create a situation in which the Japanese were no longer the low-cost producers. No longer were the Japanese able to build entry-level cars and price them as competitively against domestic,Korean, and Yugoslavian entries as they had in previous years. The Japanese, unable to make their desired profit margins on these vehicles, began to expand their product line upward to include a greater proportion of compact and midsize cars. These cars include larger models of Honda AccordToyota Camry and Cressida and Nissan Maxima.
Watching the Germans move further upscale in image and in price, Honda saw an opportunity to provide European-style functional luxury cars,but at the price of traditional domestic luxury models. Acura also places emphasis on dealer service. In combination with product quality, dealer service accounted for the number one rating in the 1988 J.D. Powers Consumer Satisfaction Index.
Acura, and other soon-to-be-released Japanese luxury cars from Toyota (Lexus) and Nissan(Infiniti), hope to appeal to those import buyers that have bought non-luxury imports in the past and now want to move upscale but maintain certain import virtues. Acura models include the midsize Legend. The Legend comes well equipped with four -wheel power disc brakes, air conditioning, power door locks and windows, and stereo radio with cassette tape deck-all standard. Like the European functional luxury cars, Acura also pays special attention to the vehicle's handing and performance. To that end, the Legend carries a high-tech racing-bred multivalve V-6 engine and a suspension not found in any other Honda vehicle. Of the Acura Legend, automotive analyst Maryann N. Keller said,"In less than three years, Honda's Acura division will surpass the magic 100,000-unit mark, which means it will outsell every high-priced European brand in the market." Hans Jordan, head of U.S. marketing for Mercedes-Benz,says,"Acura is a legitimate contender in the $20,000 to $30,000 price range."

As Acura continues to establish itself in the U.S. luxury car market
, Toyota and Nissan are in the process of launching their own luxury car divisions: Lexus and Infiniti, respectively. These new offerings will follow Acura's lead by initially introducing two products for each of the new divisions and selling them only in dealerships dedicated to that division. Acura, Lexus, and Infiniti will not share facilities with the lesser Hondas, Toyotas, or Nissans as Lincoln does with Mercury or as Cadillac is allowed with other GM divisions. The Lexus and Infiniti models will also follow Acura by offering a high degree of Lexus/Infiniti "only" content and distinct styling not to be shared by Toyotas or Nissans.
Lexus 'initial offering in 1990 will be an all new sedan with a modern multivalve V-8.According to Automobile Magazine, the Lexus LS 400"is a large,roomy,rather conservatively styled four- door sedan that appears to be an amalgam of BMW and Mercedes-Benz design cues, given an American spin with a Cadillacesque egg-crate grille, Detroit-style wood trim, and wrinkled leather upholstery. Its drag coefficient makes it the slipperiest of production sedans, and its four-liter, four-cam, 250-horsepower V-8 engine will push that slippery shape through the air at speeds guaranteed to keep Mercedes- Benz,BMW,and Jaguar engineers working late for the next decade or so." The LS 400 is expected to be priced at approximately $35,000,roughly half of a comparable-size Mercedes-Benz or BMW.
Lexus will also introduce a midsize sedan derived from an existing Toyota,the midsize Camry. The ES250 will be powered by a high-tech multi- valve V-6 similar to the Acura Legend. A year later, Lexus will debut a new coupe model.
Nissan's Infiniti brand will be introduced at roughly the same ties as the Lexus. The introduction of the Infiniti brand will begin with a large sedan similar to the Lexus LS 400. The Infiniti Q45 will be powered by a 4.5 liter V-8 and sell for approximately $35,000. Commenting on the image intentions of the sedan, Takashi Oka, senior project manager of the Q45,said,"We want to create a new definition of luxury and establish an international image beyond that of BMW and Mercedes." The Q45 will be joined at introduction with a smaller, less expensive two-door model based on the Japanese market Nissan Leopard. The new coupe will be powered by a multi-valve V-6 and sell for around $25,000. A third model will join the Infiniti brand in 1991. A multivalve V-6 powered midsize sedan, based on the Nissan Maxima, will go head-to- head with the Lexus ES250 as well as the Acura Legend.
Both Lexus and Infiniti have targeted to sell approximately 100,000 units each when the full range of models is available. This contrasts to Acura's estimated sales of 300,000-400,000 by the mid-1990s.
16.5.1
SWOT分析
优势:林肯车是传统豪华轿车在一级市场的代表,具有品牌优势,并且福特的其它品牌如水星等也都具有良好的性能,这也可以提升福特林肯品牌在消费者心目中的形象和品牌价值。1979年林肯的Town Car 开始缩小尺寸、林肯的Mark VⅠ第一次提供四门车,1984年,林肯引进了Mark VⅡ,回归到完全二门的样式并且装置了新发展的悬挂系统,这一系统在美国其它任何一家的车上都没有发现,并且林肯的Continental综合了欧洲风味和美国特色。
劣势:制造小型车只有几年的历史,经验技术方面都会有一定的欠缺。林肯虽然是传统型豪华车在一级市场的代表,但是对于林肯正在进入的功能型轿车市场,还需要进行认真的尝试和探索。
机会:美国政府施加了对日本往美国出口汽车的数量限制,这对美国汽车行业是一个保护措施,也是美国汽车向小型化转型的一个喘息机会。20世纪80年代,燃料价格稳定后,消费者又开始购买更大尺寸、更强动力的车型,而这是美国汽车的强项。
威胁:70年代,随着能源价格的上涨,许多汽车进口制造商开始生产小型、节能的汽车。随着进口汽车的流入,美国汽车市场上的国内厂商份额开始收缩。这些进口汽车大部分是从现在世界上最大的汽车制造商——日本进口的,也就是说美国的汽车行业受到来自日本的经济型轿车的威胁。另外,因为美国对日本往美国出口汽车的数量的限制,日本的产品开始调整为较大型的、高消费阶层的、专业的汽车,这对作为豪华车的凯迪拉克是一个威胁。80年代中期,经济增长缓慢,而汽车企业经营活动的好坏归根到底取决于国家的经济状况。在国家经济情况良好的情况下,大多数汽车企业的经营效果也好,在国家经济条件较差的情况下,多数汽车企业的经营效果也差。
16.5.2竞争者分析
知己知彼,百战不殆。有效的竞争战略必须以对竞争对手的分析为基础。我们可按以下步骤对竞争对手进行分析。(1)辨别企业的竞争者。林肯的竞争对手有很多,国内的有通用凯迪拉克,欧洲的有奔驰、宝马和奥迪,日本的有本田、丰田和日产。除了要辨别这些明显的竞争者外,凯迪拉克还要注意辨别潜在的竞争者。(2)辨别竞争者战略。公司必须辨别竞争者战略的变化,以及时对自己的战略进行相应的调整。在林肯的竞争者中,奔驰和宝马在豪华车市场上采用的是多样化战略,在外型和价格方面深入高消费阶层;日本丰田是稍低价位的欧式豪华车战略;日产是小型、低价战略。(3)判定竞争者的目标。在这里,林肯的竞争者的目标都是提高本企业汽车的销售量和在豪华车市场的占有率。(4)评估竞争者的优势和劣势。各种竞争者能否执行他们的战略和达到其目标,这取决于每个竞争者拥有和利用资源的能力。公司需要辨认每个竞争者的优势与劣势,要得到详细竞争者的优、劣势需要进行认真的市场调研,这里我们简单说一下,奔驰是第一辆汽车的制造者,代表了可靠的工程,日本一向是以生产经济型轿车著名,在制造经济型轿车方面有明显的优势。
16.5.3建议
(1) 做细致的市场调研,掌握及时、准确的市场资料。林肯面对的是不断变化的竞争和市场,为了更好的了解企业本身和竞争者,为了使企业取得更好的发展并适应环境,林肯必须通过市场调研和预测掌握市场走势,并从中寻找机会,避开和减少风险。
(2) 作为传统型豪华车在一级市场的主要代表,在进入功能型豪华车市场时,定价也是一个重要的方面,林肯应该综合运用需求导向定价法和竞争导向定价法。根据消费者对林肯功能型豪华车所感受的价值水平和竞争对手产品的品质和价格来进行综合评定,然后确定林肯功能型豪华车的价格。不要一味的追求销量而定低价,更不要像中国的红旗轿车一样,由尊贵的品牌变成了一般品牌。
(3) 利用美国政府对进口日本汽车数量进行限制的这段时间,做好竞争者分析和本企业战略的调整。日本汽车的小型、节能优势是个不容忽视的威胁,决不能有轻敌思想。
【思考题】
(1) 你以为林肯是否应该进入功能型轿车市场?
(2) 作为传统型豪华车的制造者,林肯在进入功能型轿车时,可能会遇到哪些问题,应该注意哪些事项?
(3) 在广告方面,林肯应该注意突出什么?

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