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[知识问答]管理心理学有问有答

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发表于 2006-9-18 04:51:29 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">《管理心理学》<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.75pt; TEXT-INDENT: -42.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 楷体_GB2312;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><font face="Times New Roman">第一章<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">绪论</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 楷体_GB2312;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>1.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">管理心理学的研究对象是什么?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答: 管理心理学是一门以社会组织管理活动中人的心理活动规律为研究对象的科学。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>2. </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">管理心理学的研究任务是什么?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">管理心理学的研究任务,包括实践任务和理论任务两个方面:实践任务, 是通过对社会组织管理活动中人的心理活动规律的揭示,即分析管理活动的心理条件和特点,来提高我国各种社会组织管理工作的有效性,从而达到为我国社会主义革命和社会主义建设实践服务的目的。理论任务,是要促进整个心理学科学理论的发展。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>3. </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">管理心理学是一门什么性质的学科?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">管理心理学是一门兼具自然科学和社会科学特点(即交叉科学)并以社会科学为主的应用心理学学科。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>4.</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">管理心理学的研究应该遵循哪些心理学原则?</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:</span><font face="Times New Roman">
                </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">管理心理学的研究应该遵循客观性、系统性、发展性、理论联系实际、定性研究与定量研究相结合、宏观和微观环境条件综合分析等六项基本原则。其中最具有管理心理学研究的特殊性的,是宏观和微观环境条件综合分析原则。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">第二章</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 楷体_GB2312;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">人性论基础理论</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 楷体_GB2312;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>1</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">. </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">解释名词:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)人性(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)人的个性(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)个性主体性<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">人性:</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">按照马克思主义的观点,</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">所谓人性,</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">就是人所共有的、区别于其他动物的类特性。</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">人的个性: 在马克思主义人学理论中,</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">人的个性,是指个人的个性, 即单个的人所具有的属性或者特性的总和。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)</span><font face="Times New Roman">
                </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个性主体性:在马克思主义人学理论中,个性主体性,是指个人作为活动的主体而在活动中表现出来的特性。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>2</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">根据马克思主义人性观,人性的结构包括哪些内容?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">根据马克思主义人性观,人性的结构包括自然属性、社会属性和精神属性等三种成分。人性的自然属性,是指由人的肉体组织所直接决定的某些特性。人性的社会属性,是指由人的社会生活所决定的人的类特性。人性的精神属性,是指人在精神需要、精神能力,特别是精神生活等方面所具有的类特性。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>3</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">西方管理心理学中的各种人性假设理论的提出者分别是谁?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:“经济人”概念的提出者,</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">是麦格雷戈;</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“社会人”</span><font face="Times New Roman">
                </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">概念的提出者,是梅奥;“自动人”</span><font face="Times New Roman">
                </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">概念的提出者,</span><font face="Times New Roman">
                </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">是马斯洛;</span><font face="Times New Roman">
                </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“复杂人”概念的提出者是薛恩</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">第三章</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 楷体_GB2312;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">行为科学基础理论</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 楷体_GB2312;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>1</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">解释名词:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)社会组织(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)组织结构(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)组织效能<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">社会组织: 指根据社会生活的要求,</span><font face="Times New Roman">
                </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在共同目标的基础上,按照一定的职能以及责、权、利形式编配起来的,具有一定结构和规程的社会实体。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)组织结构: 指社会组织中建立起来的各种部门机构之间,以及以部门机构为依托的组织成员之间的权利和责任关系的结合方式。 (<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)组织效能: 指社会组织通过组织活动所获得的各种效果的综合表现。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>2.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">社会组织具有哪些功能?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:社会组织具有如下三种功能:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>) 自我功能:指社会组织在维护自身的存在和促进自身的发展方面所能够起的作用。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)内部功能:指社会组织对其成员所能够起的作用。(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>) 外部功能:指社会组织在社会责任方面所能够起的作用。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>3</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">. </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">社会组织的系统特征有哪些?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">社会组织具有如下四种系统特征:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)社会组织是一个开放系统,即同外界环境有物质、能量和信息交换的系统。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>) 社会组织是一个动态系统,即系统的状态随时间一起变化的系统。(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>) 社会组织是一个整合系统,即能够在对其各个组成要素进行统整( 也就是协调和综合 ) 的基础上, 以一个整体来与其所处的环境发生相互作用的系统。(<span lang="EN-US">4</span>)社会组织是一个可控系统,即能够通过施控系统和受控系统之间的信息反馈所实现的二者之间的相互联系、相互作用和协调活动来共同维持整个系统的正常运行的系统。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">第四章</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 楷体_GB2312;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">心理科学基础理论</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 楷体_GB2312;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>1</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">解释名词: (<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)群体心理现象 (<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)群体规范(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)群体舆论(<span lang="EN-US">4</span>)群体凝聚力(<span lang="EN-US">5</span>)群体约束力(<span lang="EN-US">6</span>)群体心理气氛<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">群体心理现象:指以群体为载体的心理现象。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span></span>群体规范:指群体中每个成员都必须遵守的行为准则。(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">群体舆论:指群体中公众的言论和意见。(<span lang="EN-US">4</span>)群体凝聚力: 指一种促使广大群体成员在群体活动中紧密团结、自觉维护群体的生存和发展的力量。 (<span lang="EN-US">5</span>)群体约束力:指群体由于群体规范和群体舆论等而具有的能够在其成员的心理上产生压力的力量。(<span lang="EN-US">6</span>)群体心理气氛: 指特定群体的的群体意识、群体情绪和群体态度等三种心理因素在状态上的综合表现。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>2</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">什么是群体一般心理特征?它主要表现在哪些方面?<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:所谓</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">群体一般心理特征,是指群体在群体心理方面所具有的综合性特征。它主要表现在群体人际关系、群体心理气氛和群体士气等三个方面。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>3</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">. </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">什么是群体人际关系?群体人际关系可以区分为哪些种类?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:所谓群体人际关系,<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span></span>是指群体的一种人与人之间在心理上的关系的总称。群体人际关系主要可以从以下两个方面进行分类:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>) 根据人际关系主体的数量性质,可以将群体人际关系区分为个体与个体之间的人际关系、个体与群体之间的人际关系和群体与群体之间的人际关系三种。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>) 根据人际关系主体在群体中的地位关系,可以将群体人际关系区分为管理者与被管理者之间的关系、被管理者相互之间的关系和管理者相互之间的关系等三种。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>4.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">什么是非正式群体?非正式群体可以区分为哪些种类?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答: 非正式群体, 是指那些没有正式的组织结构和固定的人员编制,其成员的地位和角色、权利和义务,以及相互之间的关系,都没有明确规定的群体。非正式群体可以从进行如下分类:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)根据形成原因,可以区分为利益型、爱好型、信仰型、情感型、亲缘型。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)根据成员在正式群体中的社会地位关系,可以区分为平行型、垂直型和混合型。(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>) 根据所起作用的性质,可以区分为积极型、中间型、消极型和混合型。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">第五章<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span>管理人际影响心理<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>1.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">解释名词: (<span lang="EN-US">1</span>) 管理人际影响活动 (<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)人际反应方式(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)管理交往(<span lang="EN-US">4</span>)管理沟通<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)管理人际影响活动: 指管理者在社会组织管理活动中,为了履行管理职能而对其他有关人员所进行的人际影响活动。 (<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)人际反应方式:指人们在长期的社会交往过程中形成的各有特色的“待人接物”方式。(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)管理交往:指管理者在在管理活动中为了履行管理职能而与其他组织成员所进行的人际交往活动。(<span lang="EN-US">4</span>) 管理沟通:指指管理者在在管理活动中为了履行管理职能而与其他组织成员进行的传递和交流信息的活动。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">2.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">人际反应方式可以区分为哪些种类?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:常见的人际反应方式分类理论主要有如下三种:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>) 根据人际交往需要的内容,将人际反应方式区分为主动包容型、被动包容型、主动控制型、被动控制型、主动感情型、被动感情型等六种。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>) 根据个体人际反应的外部表现与心理内容的关系,将人际反应方式区分为外露型、内涵型和伪装型等三种。(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)根据交往双方处理相互关系的特点,将人际反应方式区分为合作型、竞争型和分离型等三种。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">3.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">人际反应可以区分为哪些等级?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:根据被影响者对于来自影响者所施加的人际影响所作反应的不同情况,可以将人际反应区分为依从、认同和内化三个等级:依从是人际反应的最低等级。其根本特点是被影响者迫于某种原因而不得不在表面上服从影响者。依从的基础是权力。依从反应的动机,通常是为了获取奖赏或者免受惩罚。认同是人际反应的中间等级。 认同的基础是吸引。认同反应的动机,是被影响者想使自己也成为与影响者一样的人的愿望。内化是人际反应的最高等级。内化就是将他人的某种信念或准则纳入自己的信念准则体系之中。内化的基础是信任。内化反应的动机,是被影响者想使自己行为正确而不犯错误的愿望。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">4.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">管理者影响被管理者的主要心理根据有哪些?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:管理者影响被管理者的主要心理根据是如下四种心理现象: (<span lang="EN-US">1</span>) 服从心理。服从是指个体按照别人的意志,主要是权威人物的意志而表现出来的符合别人的愿望的行为。服从心理是管理者运用自己所拥有的权力和权威来影响被管理者的心理根据。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>) 遵从心理。遵从是指个体按照社会要求或群体规范而表现出来的行为。遵从心理是管理者运用群体规范来影响被管理者的心理根据。(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>) 从众心理。从众是指个体在群体中常常会不知不觉地受到群体所造成的心理压力的影响,因而在知觉、判断、信仰,以及行为上表现出与群体中的多数成员相一致的现象。从众心理是领导者运用社会组织中多数成员的意见,来对少数组织成员的心理和行为施加影响的心理根据。(<span lang="EN-US">4</span>) 模仿心理。模仿是指个体在没有外界控制的条件下,由于受到他人行为的刺激影响,而自觉或不自觉地表现出与他们相同或相似的行为的现象。模仿心理是管理者运用个体或群体的行为来影响被管理者的心理根据。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">5. </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">管理者影响被管理者的主要心理方式有哪些?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答: 管理者影响被管理者的心理方式,主要有如下四种:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)劝导:指一种影响者通过说服教育来对被被影响者的认识、态度、行为施加影响的人际影响方式。它包括鼓励和劝阻两种性质不同的说服活动。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)</span><font face="Times New Roman">
                </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">暗示:指一种影响者通过语言、行动、表情或某种符号,运用含蓄、间接的方式,对被影响者的心理和行为施加影响,使其接受影响者的意见,或者按照影响者的意图行动的人际影响方式。(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>) 感染: 指一种影响者通过语言、表情、动作,以及其他事物所表现出来的情绪,来引起被影响者相同的情绪乃至行为的人际影响方式。(<span lang="EN-US">4</span>) 示范:指一种影响者运用榜样人物的思想、感情和行为,对被影响者的思想、感情和行为施加影响的人际影响方式。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">6.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">管理交往具有哪些功能?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:管理交往具有如下三种功能:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)沟通信息(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)协调关系(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)实施管理。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">7.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">管理沟通可以区分为哪些种类?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:管理沟通的种类通常可以作如下区分:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)根据沟通的途径有无组织系统,可以将管理沟通区分为正式沟通和非正式沟通。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>) 根据信息发送者和信息接收者的地位是否相互变换,可以将管理沟通区分为单向沟通和双向沟通。(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>) 根据沟通方式,可以将管理沟通区分为书面言语沟通、口头言语沟通和非言语沟通。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">8.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">影响管理沟通效果的心理活动因素有哪些?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:影响管理沟通效果的心理活动因素有如下五种:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>) 注意 (<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)感知(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)理解(<span lang="EN-US">4</span>)接受(<span lang="EN-US">5</span>)行动。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">第六章<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span>管理作风心理<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">1.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">解释名词:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)管理作风(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)参与式民主管理作风<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)管理作风:指管理者在管理活动中表现出来的是民主还是专制方面的风格。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)参与式民主管理作风:指管理者通过让被管理者参加社会组织的管理活动来达到发扬民主作风的目的。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">2.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">勒温将管理作风区分为哪些类型?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:勒温将管理作风区分为如下三种类型:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)专制型(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)民主型(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)放任型。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">3.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">利克特将管理作风区分为哪些类型?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:利克特将管理作风区分为四种类型:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)专制式独裁型(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)仁慈式独裁型(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)协商式民主型(<span lang="EN-US">4</span>)参与式民主型。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">4.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">提出管理作风连续统一体模式的心理学家是谁?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.5pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:提出管理作风连续统一体模式的心理学家是坦南鲍姆。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">5.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">参与式民主管理作风的实质是什么?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:参与式民主管理作风的实质是增强组织成员的主人翁精神。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">6.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">关于参与式民主管理作风的理论基础问题,西方管理心理学提出过哪些理论模式?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答: 关于参与式民主管理作风的理论基础问题, 西方管理心理学提出过两种理论模式。一种是参与的人际关系理论模式,另一种是参与的人力资源理论模式。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">第七章<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span>管理方式心理<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">1.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">解释名词:管理方式<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:管理方式:指管理者在管理活动中表现出来的在关心人和关心组织(或者说关心工作)这两个方面的特点。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">2.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">俄亥俄学派关于管理方式的理论是什么?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:俄亥俄学派关于管理方式的理论是管理方式四分图理论。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">3.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">得克萨斯学派关于管理方式的理论是什么?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:得克萨斯学派关于管理方式的理论是管理方式方格理论。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">4.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">管理方式的菲德勒模式的基本观点是什么?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.5pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:管理方式的菲德勒模式的基本观点,主要包括如下四个方面的<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">内容:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)菲德勒模式的核心思想,是将领导者的特质研究与行为研究有机结合起来,并将其与情境因素联系起来研究领导的有效性问题。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)菲德勒模式将领导者的领导方式区分为“ 高<span lang="EN-US">LPC</span>型 ”和“低<span lang="EN-US">LPC</span>型”两种类型。(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)菲德勒模式认为领导的有效性不仅仅取决于领导方式类型,而且还决定于情境是有利还是不利。(<span lang="EN-US">4</span>)菲德勒模式主张让工作情境适合于领导者。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>5.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">管理方式的领导生命周期模式、目标导向模式和<span lang="EN-US">M</span>理论,分别是由哪位心理学家提出来的?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:管理方式的领导生命周期模式、目标导向模式和<span lang="EN-US">M</span>理论,分别是由心理学家卡曼、伊万斯和三隅提出来的。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 57pt; TEXT-INDENT: -57pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; tab-stops: list 57.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 楷体_GB2312;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">第八章<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">组织决策心理<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">1.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">解释名词:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)决策(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)决策效能(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)决策动机<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)决策:所谓决策, 通俗地讲,一般是指决定对策,即人们为了某件事情拿主意下决心作出合理选择的活动。<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span></span>从比较严格饿科学意义上讲,决策一般是指人们为了实现某种既定的目标,在同时存在的几种准备行动的方案中抉择出最优行动方案的活动。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>) 决策效能:指决策实行后所产生的客观效益。(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)决策动机:指决策者进行决策活动的内在原因。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>2.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">决策可以区分为哪些种类?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:决策主要可以从以下五个方面进行分类:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)根据决策活动进行过程的科学性特点, 可以将决策区分为科学决策和直觉经验决策。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)根据决策程序的固定性特点,可以将决策区分为程序性决策和非程序性决策。(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>) 根据决策结果的性质,可以将决策区分为确定性决策、非确定性决策和风险性决策。(<span lang="EN-US">4</span>)根据决策目标的要求水准,可以将决策区分为最优决策和满意决策。(<span lang="EN-US">5</span>) 根据进行社会组织问题决策活动的主体以及进行的方式,可以将决策区分为个人决策、参与决策和集体决策。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">3.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">科学决策的一般程序是什么?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:科学决策的一般过程,可以区分为以下五个步骤:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>) 提出问题(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)拟定方案(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)评价比较(<span lang="EN-US">4</span>)选择实施(<span lang="EN-US">5</span>)追踪检查。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">4.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">参与决策方式具有哪些积极心理效应?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:参与决策方式具有如下三种积极心理效应:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)参与决策能够满足决策参与者的自尊和自我实现等需要。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)参与决策能够吸取决策参与者的智慧。(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)参与决策能够增强领导者的群众观点。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">5.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">集体决策方式容易产生哪些消极心理现象?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:集体决策方式容易产生如下三种消极心理现象:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)从众思维(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)小集团意识(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)极端性倾向。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">第九章<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span>目标引导心理<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">1.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">解释名词:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)组织目标(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)个体工作目标<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)组织目标:指社会组织期望通过全体组织成员的共同活动,在一定的时间和空间范围内所要获得的活动结果的客观对象。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>) 个体工作目标:是指存在于作为工作主体的组织成员头脑之外的那个为社会组织所规定,甚至也是他们自己所期望的通过工作活动所要达到的结果,亦即活动结果的外在客观形式。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">2.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">组织目标可以区分为哪些种类?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:组织目标的分类意见主要有如下七种:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)根据组织目标的形成方式,可以将其区分为外在目标和内在目标。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>) 根据组织目标对于社会组织的意义的大小,<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span></span>可以将其区分为主要目标和次要目标。(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>) 根据价值指向, 可以将组织目标区分为社会责任目标、 心理目标和管理目标等。(<span lang="EN-US">4</span>)根据空间序列,可以将组织目标区分为总目标、分目标和个人目标。(<span lang="EN-US">5</span>) 根据时间序列,可以将组织目标区分为长期目标、中期目标和短期目标。(<span lang="EN-US">6</span>)根据组织目标在组织活动中出现的先后, 可以将其区分为初始性目标、中介性目标和替代性目标。(<span lang="EN-US">7</span>) 根据实现的可能性,可以将组织目标区分为现实的目标、非现实的目标和理想的目标。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">3.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">组织目标具有哪些一般心理功能?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:组织目标的一般心理功能主要表现在如下五个方面:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>) 引发个体活动 (<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)心理活动导向(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)增强活动动力(<span lang="EN-US">4</span>) 培养合作精神(<span lang="EN-US">5</span>)增强群体聚合。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">4.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个体工作目的的心理结构包括哪些成分?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:个体工作目的的心理结构主要包括如下三种成分:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>) 主体活动的直接结果(一级结果)(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>) 直接结果对于主体的肯定意义(二级结果)(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)主体需要的满足(三级结果或最终结果)。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">5.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个体目标确定所依据的一般标准是什么?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答: 个体目标确定所依据的一般标准主要包括以下内容:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)价值性标准(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)可能性标准(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)低耗性标准(<span lang="EN-US">4</span>)丰富性标准(<span lang="EN-US">5</span>)就高性标准。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">6.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">运用组织目标来引导组织和方向应该遵循哪些心理学原则?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:运用组织目标来引导组织和方向,应该遵循如下心理学原则:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)集体目标和个人目标结合运用原则(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)长远目标和短近目标结合运用原则(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)中介性目标和替代性目标灵活运用原则。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">第十章<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span>指挥协调和监督控制心理<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">1.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">领导者在指挥活动中应该遵循哪些心理学原则?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:领导者在指挥活动中应该遵循如下心理学原则:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>) 量才授任原则(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)合理授权原则(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)令行禁止原则(<span lang="EN-US">4</span>)积极沟通原则。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>2. </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">领导者在协调人际关系时可以运用哪些心理学方法?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:领导者在协调人际关系时可以运用如下心理学方法:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>) 心理认同法(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)心理置换法(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)人员调整法。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">3.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">领导者对被领导者实施监督的心理根据有哪些?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答: 领导者对被领导者实施监督的心理根据, 主要有如下四种心理现象:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)被领导者对领导者权力的依从心理(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)被领导者对领导者权威的尊崇心理(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)被领导者对群体规范的认同心理(<span lang="EN-US">4</span>)被领导者对社会组织的归属心理。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">4.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">什么是领导心理控制?领导心理控制方式有哪几种?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答 :领导心理控制, 是指领导者在领导活动中对被领导者所进行的心理控制。领导心理控制方式主要有如下四种:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)指令性控制(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)诱导性控制(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)威胁性控制(<span lang="EN-US">4</span>)监督性控制。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">第十一章<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span>激励心理的一般理论问题<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">1.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">解释名词:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)激励(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)个体工作积极性(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)群体士气<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)激励: 从管理心理学的角度来说,“激励”一词主要是指管理者运用一定的刺激物激发起被管理者实现组织目标的积极性的职能活动。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>) 个体工作积极性:指一个人在工作活动中所具有的一种以自觉性和能动性为其特点的心理状态。(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>) 群体士气:指社会组织广大成员从事组织活动的积极性。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">2.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">激励可以区分为哪些种类?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:激励的种类主要可以从以下三个方面进行区分:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>) 根据激励对象的数量特点,可以将激励区分为个体激励和群体激励 (<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)根据激励力量的来源,可以将激励区分为内部激励和外部激励(<span lang="EN-US"> 3</span>)根据用来实施激励的刺激物的性质,可以将激励区分为物质激励和精神激励。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">3.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">影响个体工作积极性的个体心理因素有哪些?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 19.5pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">答:影响个体工作积极性的个体心理因素,主要包括需要、动机、目的、情绪、态度,以及工作满足感等方面所具有的特点。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">4.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">影响群体士气的主要心理因素有哪些?<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p>

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